Studied by 103 people
Chemistry
The study of the composition, structure, and transitions of matter.
Inertia
How much force is required to move an object
condensation
Gas to liquid
Sublimation
Solid to gas
Density
The ratio of an object's mass to its volume.
The scientific method
problem solving process/method
A hypothesis is...
A suggested answer to a problem
What is true of theories?
They are part of the scientific method, they help organize a body of data, they are supported by experimental data.
What are four branches of chem?
Inorganic, organic, analytical, and biochemistry
What are the three major temperature scales?
Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin
What is the difference between a hypothesis, a theory, and a scientific law?
A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested, a theory is a highly supported hypothesis, and a law is a mathematically proven theory.
What kinds of compounds are composed of carbon?
Organic
Qualitative analysis
Determination of composition
Quantitative
A determination of the % of each element in a cpd.
How many naturally existing elements are there?
92
Can a scientific law be proven mathematically?
Yes
List and explain the several different properties of matter.
Mass- the quantity of matter, volume- how much space an object takes up, inertia- the resistance force required to move an object, impenetrability- 2 objects cannot occupy the same space simultaneously, density- the ratio of an object's mass to its volume.
What are the four states of matter?
Solids, liquids, gases, and plasma
What is an example of heterogeneous matter?
Heterogeneous matter is either a mixture or a solution. For example, mixing salt and sand together.
List and explain the steps in the scientific method.
State the problem---what you are researching, Review the Literature---read the studies that have been conducted concerning your topic, Hypothesis---a statement that can be tested, Experimenting---gather data in order to make inferences, Theory---A likely explanation for a phenomenon, Law---Mathematically proven theory
Show and explain the classification of matter.
Matter is either homogeneous or heterogeneous. Homogeneous matter is a pure substance consisting of elements and cpds. It is also the physical composition of atoms. Heterogeneous matter is impure, and consists of mixtures and solutions.
Accuracy
The nearness of a measurement to its accepted value
Precision
the agreement between measurements using the same apparatus and materials
know how to convert
Kilo-hecto-deca- |standard| -deci-centi-milla
Equivalents
1K= 2.2 lbs
1L= 1.06 qts
V r.s.=
l x w x h
V cyl. =
πr²h
Vcube=
e³
Vsphere (s)=
4/3 πr³
Density formula
Mass/volume
Fahrenheit formula
F= 9/5 c +32
Celsius formula
C=5/9 (F-32)
Kelvin formula
K=C +273
electromagnetic radiation
Forms of NRG that travel as waves at the speed of light
Frequency
the number of cycles per second
electron dot notation
a means of expressing valence electrons
Valence electrons
The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
Octet
a stable atom having a full orbital of 8 electrons
spectra
The characteristic wavelength emitted by an excited atom
What is the unit for wavelength
angstrom
This particle has mass of 9.11 x 10⁻²⁸
electrons
What form of radiation is highest in NRG
Gamma Rays
An atom that gain an electron will have a _____ electric charge
negative
Which particles are found in the nucleus of an atom
protons & neutrons
What is the relationship between NRG of waves and wavelength?
The longer the wavelength, the lower the NRG
The _____ is the unit for frequency
Hertz (Hz)
State the Aufbau principle
Electrons must enter orbitals of lowest NRG first
Definition of the term “atom”
The smallest unit of an element/matter
The speed of electromagnetic radiation (light) is
186,000 mi/sec
State Hund’s Rule
Within a sub-level, each orbital must have one electron before they start pairing up
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element having a different atomic mass
List the four kinds of atomic orbitals
S, P, D, F
Explain the relationship between the energy of a wave and frequency
The higher the frequency, the higher the energy of a wave
What is the difference between the terms atomic mass and mass number?
The mass number is the mass of an atom’s protons plus it neutrons, while the atomic mass is the total mass of an atom’s protons, neutrons, and electrons
What is the formula for calculating the velocity of electromagnetic waves?
V= f x λ (velocity = frequency x wavelength)
The atomic number of an atom represents the quantity of ______
protons
List and explain the energies of the electromagnetic spectrum from highest to lowest
As you go towards the left side of the list, NRG is extremely high, frequency is extremely high, and wavelength is shorter. As you go to the right side of the list, the frequency decreases, NRG decreases, and wavelength is longer. Gamma Rays have the highest NRG and radio waves have the lowest. Everything to the left of the squiggly line is called ionizing radiation. Visible light is what humans can see, including red, orange, yellow, green, indigo, and violet.
Explain the term “hybridization” and its significance in atomic structure
Hybridization is the combination of two orbitals of near equal NRG to form a single orbital that is more stable. This is significant because hybridization provides a more simple way for atoms to become stable.
What is the difference between the continuous vs. bright line spectra of an excited atom?
The continuous spectrum is the summation of all wavelengths emitted by an excited atom, while the bright line spectrum is the individual wavelengths emitted by an atom.
periodic table-
a listing of all known elements
Cation-
a positively charged atom
Ionization NRG
the NRG used to lose an electron
noble gases
elements in group 8 that have an octet structure and are extremely stable
transition elements
elements that have more than one oxidation state
who based the periodic table on atomic number?
Moseley
What are the elements in group II called?
Alkaline earth
What indicates the quantity of valence electrons?
Group
T/F: Cations are generally larger in radii compared to their “parent” atom
False
T/F: Group VII are called halogens
True
T/F: The unit of the atomic radii is the millimeter
False
T/F: The noble gases were discovered by Sir William Ramsey
True
T/F: Halogens have very high electron affinity
True
State the periodic law
when elements are arranged by their atomic number
What is the difference between a group and a period?
A group is a vertical row and has 8
A period is a horizontal row and has 7
List five non-metals
Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, neon, and fluorine
The _____ is the unit for atomic radii and is equal to ______
picometer; 10⁻¹⁰m
Which elements generally have “high” ionization energies?
Non-metals
Ionization NRG (increases or decreases) as one goes down a group.
DECREASES
List several synthetic materials
Cerium, europium, plutonium, curium
list several gaseous elements
Oxygen, helium, carbon, sulfur,
What are the metalloids?
metalloids are elements that have properties of both metals and non-metals
what is the unit for ionization NRG and electron affinity
kcal/mole
what is [Xe]6s²4f⁷
Eu
what is the difference between atomic number, mass number, and atomic weight?
the atomic # is the number of protons in an atom. The mass # is the amount of protons + neutrons in an atom. Atomic weight is the total mass of the atom
What are the lanthanide and actinide series of the elements?
continuation of periods six and seven
electronegativity-
an atom’s desire to share electrons
A + ____ → A⁺ + _ _ _ (explain)
NRG; 1e⁻; An atom plus NRG reacts and creates an atom with a positive charge and has one valence electron
Discuss the 8 major groups of elements.
Group I: Alkali Metals- oxidation #: +1, 1 valence electron, extremely active, extremely low ionization NRG, Xs¹
Group II: Alkaline Earth Metals- oxidation #: +2, Xs², very low ionization NRG
Group III: The Aluminum Family- oxidation #: +3, Xs²px¹, high ionization NRG
Group IV: The Carbon Family- oxidation # varies, Xs²px¹py¹, high ionization NRG
Group V: The Nitrogen Family- oxidation #: +3, -3, +5, very high ionization NRG
Group VI: The Oxygen Family- oxidation #: -2, very high ionization NRG
Group VII: The Halogens- oxidation #: -1, extremely high ionization NRG
Group VIII: The Noble Gases- oxidation #: 0, extremely stable, extremely high ionization NRG
Discuss the concept of electron affinity and explain the periodic trends for electron affinity on the table.
Electron affinity is the NRG released when an atom loses or gains an electron. The periodic trend is as you go down the periodic table, electron affinity decreases, and as you go more right it increases
Chemical bond-
an attractive force between atoms, causing them to bond
Molecular geometry-
3-D shape of a bond
Diatomic molecule-
2 of the same atom that bond
Polyatomic ion-
2 or more atoms that bond to form an ion
Ionic character-
a formula used to calculate the polarity of a covalent bond
A negatively charged ion
anion
what does a polar bond produce?
an unequal distribution of charge on a cpd (a positive and a negative region)
If two covalently bonded atoms are identical, the bond is ….
nonpolar
The electrons involved in the formation of chem bonds are called
valence electrons
When the octet rule is satisfied, the outermost _____ are filled
s & p orbitals
What molecule has a shape related to a tetrahedron (or has sp³) bonding?
CBr4
