PSYC 372 GMU Exam 3

Brief periods of stress

Boost the activity of the immune system

H.M. was able to learn and remember:

skills like mazes and puzzles

What evidence do we have that the preoptic area controls body temp?

Heating an cooling the preoptic area leads to sweating or shivering.

Which hormone is released by the adrenal gland during stress?

Cortisol

The most widely used and most effective birth control pill is one that contains

Both estrogen and progesterone

The ______________ is unique to genetic males early in development.

Mullerian inhibiting hormone

After a loud noise , information travels from the medulla to the ___________, and then to the neck muscles.

Pons

Broca's area is located in the

left frontal lobe

High levels of leptin are associated with ____.

increased activity and decreased eating

The behavioral activation system is associated with ___________________.

Low to moderate arousal, tendency to approach new objects, and pleasant mood

The group of forebrain structures that appear to be critical for emotion comprise of the ________________.

Limbic system

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion...

emotional intensity is a function of physiological responses

The anterior commissure , on the average, is

Larger in heterosexual women than heterosexual men

Control of language is centered in the ___________.

Left hemisphere

Amyloids is to _____________ as tau is to ____________.

Plaque ; tangles

Homeostasis

Biological process that keeps certain body variables with in a fixed range

What is negative feedback?

a system to keep body conditions within a set normal range

What is allostasis?

the adaptive way in which the body adjusts to current and anticipated events that could cause deviations from the set range.

Temperature effects _________________ and its regulation is vital to the normal function of many behavior processes.

behavior

T or F: Maintaining body Temp does not require as much energy as other processes in the body.

False: It can require twice as many

__________________ is the energy used to maintain a constant body temp while at rest.

Basal Metabolism

Cold blooded is to _______________ as warm blood is to ______________________.

Poikilothermic (ectothermic); Homeothermic (endothermic)

What brain mechanisms are present in temperature regulation

Preoptic area/Anterior Hypothalamus (POA/AH)

The proptic area is the primary area for controlling

Sweating and Shivering

When is a fever beneficial, harmful and deadly?

about 103 is beneficial

Greater than 103 is harmful

109 is deadly

What is vasopressin in the regulation of water?

It is a hormone released by the posterior pituitary.

It raises BP by constricting blood vessels , which compensates for decrease water volume.

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

promotes retention of water by kidneys to get rid of highly concentrated urine.

osmotic thirst

a thirst resulting from eating salty foods; quenched by drinking pure water

hypovolemic thirst

a thirst resulting from loss of fluids due to bleeding or sweating; quenched by drinking water with solutes.

Which hormone influences Osmotic thirst?

Vasopressin is secreted to conserve water

Which hormone influences Hypovolemic thirst?

Angiotensin II increases it

Where does digestion begin?

mouth

T or F: Most human adults cannot consume milk.

True

Sham feeding experiments

in which everything an animals eats leaks out of a tube connected to the stomach or esophagus, do not produce satiety

What tells you to stop eating?

Stretching of the stomach.

vagus nerve in stomach

Causes stretching

splanchnic nerves

convey information about the nutrient contents of the stomach

The release of ______________________ helps to regulate hunger.

cholecystokinin (cck)

When insulin is released, it causes

muscle and fat cells to increase glucose uptake. This is beacause glucose levels are high

When glucagon is released, it causes

The production of more glucose because glucose level are low

Type 1 diabetes

disorder in which the body cannot produce enough insulin.

Insulin levels are low but glucose levels are high resulting in unused glucose and constant eating.

low levels of leptin correspond to...

low lipid storage, increased food intake and efficiency (Hunger), decreased activity and energy expenditure and ultimately weight gain.

High levels of leptin are associated with ____.

increased activity and decreased eating

Ghrelin makes you ____________, while Nicotine makes you ____________.

Hungry, Full

Prader-Willi Syndrome

A genetic disorder that causes obesity, intellectual disability, and shortness in height.

Obesity

having an excess amount of body fat

weight loss

calories consumed < calories expended. Method to combat obesity

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an obstinate and willful refusal to eat, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of being fat

Wolffian ducts

Early embryonic ducts that can develop into male internal genitalia under the proper stimulation (testosterone).

Mullerian ducts

Earlier embryonic ducts that can develop into femal internal genitalia in the absence of testosteron.

T or F: women don't have SRY gene .

True

Prolactin

stimulates milk production

Vsopressin in Parental behavior

Social behaviors and olfactory recognition

hermaphrodite

individual that has both male and female reproductive organs.

Also known as intersex

CAH

congential adrenal hyperplasia

Common cause of intersex

What is testicular feminization

lack of testosterone receptors

Leads to female phenotype despite male genotype and very small genetalia , or even female phenotype gentalia

The 8th cranial nerve contains both a ___________ and a ________________ component.

Auditory; vestibular

If the suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain.......

it continues to produce activity that follows normal circadian rhythm.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the ___________.

hypothalamus

Mobius syndrome

Cannot move their facial muscles to make a smile.

How are emotions identified?

Context, gesture, facial expressions

Behavioral Activation system

left brain hemispheric activity marked by low to moderate autonomic arousal and a tendency to approach, which could characterize either happiness or anger

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

right brain hemispheric activity, which increases attention and arousal, inhibits action, and stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust

Purpose of emotions

1) attack and escape

2) Communication

3) Quick Decision making

Damage in prefrontal cortex effect on emotion

increases impulsiveness and dulls emotions

damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Inconsistent preferences

Decreased guilt and trust

What controls long term generalized emotional arousal?

Bed nucleus of the Stria Terminalis

Urbach-Wiethe disease

a genetic disorder that often results in the calcification of the amygdala causing it to waste away; Results in an inability to recognize fear

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror, increase sweating and trembling

decrease in GABA, increase in Orexin

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

A prolonged and severe stress reaction to a scary event (chronic stress)

Benzodiazepines

drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress

Alcohol

Depressant, blocks GABA

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

What two systems are activated by stress

Sympathetic nervous system and HPA hypothalamus pituitary gland and adrenal cortex

HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex) axis

A system activated to energize the body to respond to stressors.

The hypothalamus sends chemical messengers to the pituitary gland, which in turn prompts the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other hormones.

B cells

Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses.

T cells

Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.

Antibodies

Proteins that attach to antigens, keeping them from harming the body

Antigens

-surface proteins

-initiate immune response

Long term stress

ACTH, Aldosterone, Cortisol

With long term stress ACTH is released by the pituitary gland and activates the Adrenal Cortex to start producing Aldosterone and Cortisol.

has negative effect on body

Operant conditioning is to __________ as classical is to ___________________.

consequences; association

The patient H.M. suffered severe memory disorders following a surgical operation that removed the ____________ .

hippocampus

retrograde amnesia is to ____________________ anterograde amnesia is to _________________.

loss of memory of old events; inability to form new memories

declarative memory

the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared

procedural memory

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things

Priming

An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus

explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

example of procedural memory

riding a bike

example of explicit memory

remembering what you ate last night

Two test used to test spatial memory of mice/rats

Radial maze and Morris water wave

What type of deficiency causes Korsakoff's syndrome?

Thiamine ( Vitamin B) which shrinks the neurons

implicit memory

retention independent of conscious recollection

episodic memory

memory for one's personal past experiences

sematic memory

memory of general knowledge; Facts and concepts

long-term memory

no limited capacity; does not fade overtime; can be stimulated

short-term memory

Limited capacity; fades overtime; cannot be stimulated

How does emotions effect memory?

It assists with consolidation.

What is amnesia?

loss of memory

Damage to the _________________ results in amnesia.

hippocampus