19th century europe chatgpt

Liberalism believed in what?

Freedom

Key philosophers of Liberalism?

Adam Smith

Romanticism reacted against what?

The Enlightenment and Age of Reason; valued emotion

Key Romanticism thinkers and artists?

Rousseau

Romantic attitude toward industrialism?

Opposed to soulless materialism; favored emotion and nature.

Conservatism emerged as a reaction to what?

The violence and rapid change of the French Revolution.

Main Conservative ideas?

Tradition

Conservative philosophers?

Hobbes

Democratic Socialism responded to what?

The gap between rich and poor during industrialization.

Key Democratic Socialists?

Eugene Debs

Democratic Socialism promotes what?

Collective ownership of major industries and economic equality.

Anarchism opposed what?

Government authority and abuses of the Russian state and Church.

Main Anarchist philosopher?

Friedrich Nietzsche.

What is Reactionary ideology?

Desire to return to pre-revolutionary systems like absolute monarchy and serfdom.

Key Reactionaries?

Prince Metternich

Nationalism believes in what?

Unity of people with shared language

Key Nationalists?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Radicalism promoted what?

Economic and civil equality

Key Radical thinkers?

Thomas Paine

Difference between New and Old Imperialism?

New = direct control; Old = trade-based influence.

How did the British administer colonies?

Direct rule by officials

Causes of New Imperialism?

Industrialization

Which two African countries stayed independent?

Ethiopia and Liberia.

Why were Europeans in Africa?

Economic gain

Who was Queen Victoria?

British monarch during height of empire and industrial era.

Prince Albert?

Victoria’s husband; promoted industrial progress and education.

David Livingstone?

Missionary and explorer in Africa; symbol of humanitarian exploration.

Cecil Rhodes?

British imperialist; founded Rhodesia; believed in British racial superiority.

Matthew Perry?

U.S. commodore who opened Japan to trade (Treaty of Kanagawa

Henry M. Stanley?

Explorer who found Livingstone; worked with King Leopold II in Congo.

King Leopold II?

Belgian king who brutally exploited the Congo for rubber and ivory.

Benjamin Disraeli?

British PM; supported imperial expansion and conservatism.

Joseph Chamberlain?

British politician; defended imperialism as beneficial for both sides.

Lin Zexu?

Chinese official who tried to stop opium trade; triggered Opium War.

William Gladstone?

British PM; promoted reforms

Rudyard Kipling?

Author of “White Man’s Burden”; justified imperialism as a civilizing mission.

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)?

European meeting dividing Africa into colonies.

Meaning of “The sun never sets on the British Empire”?

Britain’s empire was so vast it was always daylight somewhere within it.

Japan vs China response to imperialism?

Japan modernized; China divided into spheres of influence.

Opium War significance?

Britain forced China to open trade and cede Hong Kong.

Taiping Rebellion significance?

Massive civil war; weakened Qing dynasty.

Kuomintang?

Chinese Nationalist Party advocating modernization.

Crimean War outcome?

Maintained European balance of power; weakened Russia.

African society before imperialism?

Diverse kingdoms (like Zulu); local trade networks.

“White Man’s Burden” meaning?

Europeans’ “moral duty” to civilize other peoples.

Social Darwinism?

Applied “survival of the fittest” to nations; justified imperialism.

East India Company issue in India?

Cultural disrespect and Sepoy Rebellion.

Nationalism as cause of imperialism?

Nations competed for colonies to show strength.

Economic reason for imperialism?

Need for raw materials and new markets.

Social/cultural reason for imperialism?

Spread of Christianity and Western values.

3 C’s and 3 G’s of imperialism?

Civilization

Benefits of imperialism?

Infrastructure

Problems of imperialism?

Exploitation

Nigeria’s ethnic issue?

Colonial borders forced rival ethnic groups together.

Extraterritoriality?

Foreigners exempt from local laws (esp. in China).

Meiji Restoration goal?

Modernize Japan to resist Western control.

Sepoy Rebellion cause?

Religious and cultural disrespect by British.

Boer War?

War between British and Dutch settlers over South Africa.

Little Ice Age significance?

Harsh weather pushed agricultural innovation.

Enclosure Acts effect?

Privatized farmland; peasants moved to cities.

Agricultural Revolution?

New farming methods like crop rotation and seed drill.

First major industrial industry?

Textiles.

Water Frame inventor?

Richard Arkwright.

James Watt’s contribution?

Improved steam engine efficiency.

Jethro Tull invention?

Seed drill.

Factors of Production?

Land

Factory conditions?

Dangerous

Corn Laws?

Tariffs that raised food prices to protect farmers.

Crop rotation?

System to preserve soil fertility.

Industrial Revolution effects?

Urbanization

Congress of Vienna goal?

Restore monarchies and balance of power after Napoleon.

Metternich’s role?

Austrian diplomat; symbol of conservatism.

Concert of Europe purpose?

Maintain conservative order and cooperation.

Louis XVIII?

Restored Bourbon monarch after Napoleon.

Charles X of France?

Reactionary monarch; overthrown in 1830 Revolution.

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s idea?

“Property is theft”; early socialist/anarchist.

Louis Blanc’s reform idea?

Government-supported workshops for jobs.

Karl Marx?

Author of Communist Manifesto; founder of communism.

Louis Philippe?

“Citizen King” of France (moderate liberalism).

1830 Revolution result?

Overthrew Charles X; constitutional monarchy.

1848 Revolutions causes?

Economic hardship

June Days significance?

Paris workers’ revolt

Barricade?

Symbol of street revolution.

Kleindeutsch vs Grossdeutsch?

Debate over including Austria in German unification.

Schleswig & Holstein?

Territories disputed by Denmark and Germany.

Alsace & Lorraine?

French regions annexed by Germany in 1871.

Otto von Bismarck?

Unified Germany through “blood and iron.”

Paris Commune?

1871 socialist uprising in Paris.

Napoleon III?

French emperor; industrialized France

Kaiser Wilhelm I?

First emperor of unified Germany.

Franz Joseph?

Emperor of Austria-Hungary during nationalist uprisings.

Positives of Industrial Revolution?

Higher wages

Negatives of Industrial Revolution?

Harsh cities