Occupational Therapy: Theories, Group Norms, and Leadership Strategies

What are the stages of the Trans-theoretical Model of Change?

1. Pre-contemplation: Not considering change. 2. Contemplation: Thinking about change soon. 3. Preparation: Planning how to change. 4. Action: Actively trying to change. 5. Maintenance: Working to stay changed.

What is the purpose of the Health Belief Model (HBM)?

To explain why people fail to participate in programs aimed at preventing and detecting disease.

What example illustrates the Health Belief Model?

Understanding self-efficacy and cues to action regarding mammography adherence among women 50 years and older.

What does Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) emphasize?

The influence of individual experiences, actions of others, and environmental factors on personal health behaviors.

What are the key components of Social Cognitive Theory related to behavior change?

1. Self-efficacy: Belief in one's ability to execute a behavior. 2. Behavioral capability: Skills to perform a behavior. 3. Expectations: Anticipated outcomes of behavior change. 4. Expectancies: Value assigned to outcomes. 5. Self-control: Monitoring and regulating behavior. 6. Observational learning: Learning by watching others. 7. Reinforcements: Incentives that encourage behavior change.

How can Social Cognitive Theory be applied in different settings?

It can guide behavior change interventions and be beneficial in rural communities for understanding interactions with surroundings.

What role does self-efficacy play in Social Cognitive Theory?

It is the belief that an individual has control over and can execute a behavior.

What is the significance of observational learning in Social Cognitive Theory?

It involves learning by watching others perform or model the desired behavior.

What is meant by 'reinforcements' in the context of Social Cognitive Theory?

Promoting incentives and rewards that encourage behavior change.

What is the relevance of expectations in behavior change according to Social Cognitive Theory?

Expectations determine the anticipated outcomes of behavior change.

How does Social Cognitive Theory relate to social determinants of health?

It helps understand how social determinants and past experiences influence behavior change.

What is the first stage of the Trans-theoretical Model of Change?

Pre-contemplation, where the individual is not considering change.

What does the 'Action' stage in the Trans-theoretical Model involve?

The individual is actively trying to quit smoking or change their behavior.

What is the 'Maintenance' stage in the Trans-theoretical Model?

The individual is working to stay smoke-free or maintain the behavior change.

What is a practical application of the Health Belief Model?

Understanding factors influencing mammography adherence among older women.

What does 'behavioral capability' refer to in Social Cognitive Theory?

It refers to understanding and having the skills necessary to perform a behavior.

What is the role of expectancies in behavior change?

Expectancies involve assigning a value to the outcomes of behavior change.

Why is the Social Cognitive Theory frequently used in behavior change interventions?

It provides a comprehensive framework that considers individual, social, and environmental factors.

What is the significance of the Health Belief Model's development in the 1950s?

It was created to address the failure of public health programs in engaging individuals in disease prevention.

How does SCT address self-control?

It involves regulating and monitoring one's own behavior to facilitate change.

What is the importance of the Trans-theoretical Model in understanding behavior change?

It outlines a structured approach to understanding the process individuals go through when changing behaviors.

What influences the culture of a group?

Both the leader and the members influence the culture.

What is the leader's responsibility in group culture?

The leader is responsible for building the culture and ensuring effective group interaction.

What are group norms?

Norms may include attitudes and standards that are verbalized by the leader or implied by the behavior and interactions of members.

What are some expected norms in occupational therapy groups?

Active involvement, non-judgmental acceptance, encouragement of self-disclosure, desire for self-understanding, dissatisfaction with present behavior, eagerness for change.

What is the leader's role regarding group norms?

The leader establishes explicit ground rules and monitors the norms of the group.

How should norms be managed in a group?

Norms must be changed from time to time to promote development.

What are some considerations for group decision-making strategies?

Decision by authority without discussion, after discussion, identification of an expert, averaging members' opinions, decision by a minority, democratic decision, and consensus.

What type of leadership is directive in occupational therapy?

Directive leadership is used for clients with lower cognitive abilities, where the therapist defines the group and selects activities.

What are the characteristics of facilitative leadership?

Facilitative leadership earns support from members, allows choices with guidance, and is not useful for clients with low cognitive levels.

What is advisory leadership in occupational therapy?

Advisory leadership is the most passive style, often used in wellness or community organizations.

What are the advantages of co-leadership in occupational therapy?

Mutual support, increased objectivity, collective knowledge, modeling for each other, and utilizing different roles.

What is a disadvantage of co-leadership related to group dynamics?

Splitting, where group members may favor one leader over the other, leading to potential conflicts.

What competition issues can arise in co-leadership?

Leaders may compete to establish themselves as competent therapists, which can be addressed through open communication.

What is a potential problem with unequal contribution in co-leadership?

One leader may do most of the work while the other does little, which should be openly discussed.

What is the goal of establishing group cultural expectations?

To create an atmosphere of safety and support for effective group interaction.

How do norms vary in different groups?

Norms will vary with client groups and their specific frame of reference.

What is the significance of maintaining confidentiality in group norms?

Confidentiality is crucial for creating a safe environment for members to express themselves.

What role does communication style play in group norms?

Establishing a communication style is essential for effective interaction among group members.

What does taking risks in a group context involve?

It involves assessing risks and allowing members the freedom to express emotions.

What is the importance of self-disclosure in group norms?

Self-disclosure encourages openness and fosters deeper understanding among group members.

What is the primary goal of group leadership in occupational therapy?

To motivate and guide members towards achieving therapeutic goals.

What are the three fundamental types of group leadership styles identified by Kurt Lewin?

Autocratic, Democratic, and Laissez-faire.

Describe the Autocratic leadership style.

Complete control of the group with no input from members.

What characterizes the Democratic leadership style?

Members make choices and have a say in what the group does and becomes.

What is the Laissez-faire leadership style?

Deliberate noninterference in the natural forces of the group or the individuals in the group.

What was the focus of Kurt Lewin's research on leadership styles?

To observe different types of leadership and behaviors with a group of ten-year-old boys.

Which leadership style was found to be the most productive in Lewin's study?

Autocratic leadership.

What are the four leadership styles in Situational Leadership?

Telling, Selling, Participating, and Delegating.

What is the focus of the Telling leadership style?

The leader focuses on getting the job done, with little interaction or input from the group.

How does the Selling leadership style differ from Telling?

The leader focuses on the task while also encouraging relationship building and worker development.

What does the Participating leadership style emphasize?

Building relationships and supporting worker initiatives.

What is the main characteristic of the Delegating leadership style?

The leader gives workers independence in how they do their jobs, with minimal direction.

Who developed the Situational Leadership Theory?

Kenneth Blanchard and Paul Hersey in 1969.

What was the original name of Situational Leadership Theory?

Life Cycle Theory of Leadership.

What is the essence of Transformational Leadership?

A leader's behaviors significantly influence followers, motivating them to surpass their perceived limitations.

List the four behaviors that comprise Transformational Leadership.

Idealized influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual stimulation, and Individualized Consideration.

What does Idealized influence refer to in Transformational Leadership?

Transformational leaders serve as ideal role models and examples to followers.

How do Transformational leaders inspire their followers?

Through having a vision and presenting that vision.

What is the role of Intellectual stimulation in Transformational Leadership?

Transformational leaders challenge followers to be innovative, creative, and open to new ideas.

What does Individualized Consideration involve in Transformational Leadership?

Demonstrating concern for the needs and feelings of followers and helping them self-actualize.

Who were the key figures in the development of Transformational Leadership theory?

James Downton, James MacGregor Burns, and Bernard Bass.

What does the Path-Goal Theory of Leadership state?

A leader's behavior is contingent upon the satisfaction, motivation, and performance of their subordinates.

What are the four behaviors identified in the Path-Goal Theory of Leadership?

Directive, Supportive, Participative, and Achievement-oriented.

What does Directive behavior entail in Path-Goal Theory?

Leader behavior that lets followers know what is expected of them and tells them how to perform their tasks.

What is the focus of Supportive behavior in leadership?

Showing concern for the followers' psychological well-being.

When is Participative behavior most prevalent?

When subordinates are highly personally invested in their work.

What is the main focus of Achievement-Oriented leadership?

Leaders set challenging goals for followers, expect high performance, and demonstrate confidence in their ability to meet expectations.

Who developed the Achievement-Oriented leadership theory and when?

Robert House developed the theory in 1971 and revised it in 1996.

What is another name for the Achievement-Oriented leadership theory?

It is also known as 'contingent theory'.

What did Robert House publish regarding leadership?

He published a book summarizing the behaviors and approaches of outstanding leaders based on modern theories and research findings.

What is the goal of a leader according to the Achievement-Oriented leadership theory?

To help followers identify their personal goals and understand the organization's goals, finding a path to achieve both.

What are the characteristics of Joe in the case scenario?

Joe is a 45-year-old with a complete spinal cord injury, previously worked in construction, and enjoys working out 5 times a week.

What recent change has Chris made to his lifestyle?

Chris started walking 20 minutes to work every day for exercise after being admitted following an ischemic stroke.

What is Marilyn's background and current situation?

Marilyn is a 41-year-old homemaker who recently moved from Spain, speaks Spanish, and was admitted after a myocardial infarction.

Describe Gina's circumstances as presented in the case scenario.

Gina is a 39-year-old waitress with multiple sclerosis, living in a violent neighborhood, and is close to completing her social work schooling.

What factors should be considered about the group culture in the case scenario?

Consider the diverse backgrounds, experiences, and challenges faced by each group member.

What group norms might be expected from the group members?

Group norms may include support, understanding, and shared experiences related to their rehabilitation journeys.

Which leadership theory might inform practice and group intervention in this scenario?

The Achievement-Oriented leadership theory could be applied to motivate and guide the group.

How might the leadership approach change based on the OT intervention chosen?

The approach may shift to be more directive or supportive depending on the specific needs and goals of the intervention.

What is the significance of understanding personal and organizational goals in leadership?

It helps align individual motivations with the overall objectives of the organization, enhancing engagement and performance.

What role does confidence play in Achievement-Oriented leadership?

Confidence from the leader instills trust and encourages followers to strive for high performance.

How can the characteristics of group members influence leadership strategies?

Understanding individual backgrounds and challenges allows for tailored leadership strategies that address specific needs.

What is the importance of group norms in a rehabilitation setting?

Group norms foster a supportive environment that can enhance motivation and cooperation among members.

How does the environment impact the leadership approach in the case scenario?

The inpatient rehabilitation setting requires a leadership approach that is adaptable to the dynamic needs of the group.

What challenges might arise from the diverse backgrounds of the group members?

Cultural differences, language barriers, and varying levels of motivation and experience may pose challenges.

Why is it important for a leader to adapt their approach based on the frame of reference used?

Different frames of reference may require different strategies to effectively support and guide the group.