Exam 3

Iron is part of the hemoglobin in red blood cells. What is the purpose of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin transports oxygen from lungs to body cells and also returns carbon dioxide to the lungs for excretion.

Sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphate are all

electrolytes

Iron is part of the hemoglobin in red blood cells. What is the purpose of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin transports oxygen from lungs to body cells and also returns carbon dioxide to the lungs for excretion.

Sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphate are all

electrolytes

Dana is pregnant for the first time, and she is reading a book about healthy pregnancies. The book says that the goal of pregnancy is to achieve optimal health for both the baby and the mother. Two widely accepted criteria for a healthy pregnancy are

gestational period longer than 37 weeks and birth weight greater than 5.5 pounds.

Although moderate weight-bearing exercise has a positive effect on the development and maintenance of bone mass, excessive exercise can be detrimental to bone health. Which of the following explains why excessive exercise can be detrimental to bone health?

Excessive exercise without sufficient energy intake leads to low production of reproductive hormones, which can accelerate bone loss.

Worldwide, daily hunger is a reality for almost 1 billion people. Which statement applies to world hunger?

Agricultural production is sufficient to provide enough food energy for the world’s 7.6 billion people.

This vital nutrient contributes to brain growth and development. It is also involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate growth, development, and metabolism.

Iodine

Lorraine’s mother-in-law is babysitting Lorraine’s kids and mentions she is going to give them fruit and honey for dessert at lunchtime. Lorraine points out that her baby cannot have honey. Children under age one should avoid honey because it may contain that cause in young children, all of whom have immature immune systems.

spores; botulism

Goals of of agriculture are needed to efficiently produce enough food for the world’s population using environmentally friendly techniques. These include augmenting plots with trees and shrubs to promote wildlife, reducing nitrogen and phosphorus runoff, engaging in novel technologies, improving soil quality, increasing produce yield, improving crop varieties and nutrients, reducing greenhouse emissions, and decreasing pesticide use.

sustainable intensification

Taking megadoses of individual mineral supplements can

decrease the absorption and metabolism of other minerals.

?? Weird Question/Poll???

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There are many water products on grocery store shelves that contain added vitamins or other nutrients. Examine the Nutrition Facts label for this vitamin-enhanced water product.

33 g

A state of deficiency in humans of essential vitamins and minerals that occurs largely without signs and symptoms of micronutrient deficiency diseases is called

hidden hunger.

Anemia symptoms of weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath are related to

low supply of oxygen to body cells.

Why does the American Heart Association recommend limiting intakes of red and processed meats?

High intakes of saturated fat are associated with increased risk for atherosclerosis.

Which of the following meals would help to ensure adequate nutrition to support healthy red blood cells?

All of these would support red blood cell health.

A reduction in the sense of taste can be caused by a deficiency of

zinc

As people age, their tolerance for lactose-containing foods often decreases. What is the primary cause of lactose intolerance associated with aging?

Lactase production decreases

Quinn is a six-month-old baby girl who weighs 13 pounds (6 kg). Using the formula given for infants and toddlers in the text, calculate her Estimated Energy Requirements (EER).

490 kilocalories per day

The deliberate introduction of harmful agents, biological and otherwise, into the food supply chain with the intent of causing actual or perceived damage is called

agroterrorism

At what point in pregnancy is the neural tube formed?

First trimester

The effects of hunger include

reduced energy and strength.

Economists predict that worldwide food production will eventually lag behind population growth, leading to food shortages. Identify a reason below that contributes to this trend in the food-to-population ratio.

Poor farming practices and competing demands for land use decrease the amount of farmable acres.

Which of the following has the largest impact on the spread of infectious diseases in the developing world?

Contaminated water

In the United States, is fortified with iodine.

table salt

Aiko comes from a family whose members routinely live to be older than 100 years of age. It can be theorized that the centenarians in her family 

incorporate regular physical activity into their lifestyles.

The simplest way to determine if your fluid intake is adequate is to

observe the color of your urine; it should be clear or pale yellow.

Irregular heartbeat is a sign of low blood levels of which of the following electrolyte minerals?

Potassium

The most common organisms causing food spoilage are bacteria,

yeasts, and molds.

_ refers to the intersection of food in culture, traditions, and history.

Cultural foodways

About 95% of North American adults exceed the CDRR for sodium. Which of the following represents the best way to limit sodium intake?

Choose home-cooked meals prepared with fresh ingredients rather than restaurant and processed foods.

Chronic use of certain medications and/or supplements can have undesirable side effects in the body. Match the medicine or supplement with its potential side effect.

Aspirin use: Stomach bleeding 

Antibiotic use: Depletion of vitamin K  

Heavy iron supplement use: Interfere with zinc and copper function 

Heavy folate supplement use: Can mask vitamin B-12 deficiency  

By keeping food cold, the growth of microorganisms is

minimized

Globally, the use of GMOs holds great promise for reducing the prevalence of nutrition-related deficiencies and disease. For example, a vitamin A-enhanced staple product, also known as , can correct vitamin A deficiencies and blindness for millions of people.

golden rice

Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones?

Calcium

High dietary intake of is associated with reductions in blood pressure.

potassium

The most critical micronutrients missing from diets worldwide are

iron, vitamin A, iodine, zinc, and various B vitamins.

Vitamin D regulates the absorption of from the small intestine.

calcium and phosphorus

The loss of lean body mass associated with normal aging is termed

sarcopenia.

Examine the labels above. Which type of milk contains the highest levels of calcium?

They contain equal amounts

To assess hunger, the International Food Policy Research Institute annually calculates the _, a tool designed to measure and track hunger worldwide.

Global Hunger Index (GHI)

How common are food spoilage microorganisms?

Almost all of our foods contain them.

In what way is the method used to evaluate Body Mass Index (BMI) in children (2 to 20 years) different from the method used to evaluate BMI of adults?

Reference ranges for BMI for children are age- and sex-specific, whereas BMI reference ranges for adults do not account for age and biological sex.

What is food neophobia?

Fear of new foods

During the toddler and preschool years, a child's appetite is than it was during infancy.

lower

This fall, your garden produced a lot of cauliflower, so you'd like to try it in a variety of recipes for your family. You serve steamed cauliflower at dinner one night, but your three-year-old son refuses to eat it. He pushes his plate away and says it looks yucky. What should you do?

Remove the cauliflower from your son's plate at this meal, but try offering cauliflower again at another meal.

Gabe was experiencing fatigue, despite sleeping eight hours per night. He went to the doctor and was diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia. In addition to an iron supplement, the doctor recommended he eat iron-fortified breakfast cereals. Which food would be the best accompaniment for his iron-fortified breakfast cereal and why?

A cup of orange juice or an orange; vitamin C increases iron absorption

Which of the following problems could be associated with excessive fruit juice consumption?

All of these choices are correct.

The best choice for formula-fed infants with an allergy to cow's milk is

hydrolyzed protein formula.

Low birth weight (LBW) refers to birth weight less than _ pounds, regardless of gestational age. It most commonly results from preterm birth.

5.5

As a healthier alternative to French fries, some fast food outlets offer presliced, bagged apples as a side option. The ingredients list often reads, “Apples and Ascorbic Acid.” Ascorbic acid is another name for vitamin C. What role does the ascorbic acid play in the product?

Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant that prevents discoloration when the apples are cut and exposed to oxygen.

During which trimester does the fetus gain the most weight?

Third trimester

Animal sources of iron are bioavailable than plant sources of iron.

more

During her pregnancy, Kume has been extra careful to avoid foods that could potentially cause foodborne illness. Even though she loves Greek salad, at lunch today she had to order something else because the waiter could not confirm whether or not the feta cheese on the salad was pasteurized. Pregnant women should avoid unpasteurized cheese because can cross the placental barrier, infect the fetus, and cause spontaneous abortion or stillbirth.

Listeria monocytogenes

Dana is pregnant and she is dining at a restaurant with her husband. She has been reading about foodborne illness risk during pregnancy and knows which foods to avoid. Which meal choice is the best for her as it is the least likely to cause foodborne illness?

Medium-well steak with mashed potatoes and sautéed squash

Which of the following describes the antioxidant activity of selenium?

Selenium is required for the activity of glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme that chemically converts peroxides into water.

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that babies should be exclusively breastfed for the first of life.

6 months

_ is the leading cause of foodborne illness, causing almost 60% of illnesses in the U.S. annually.

Norovirus

How is excess body weight related to hypertension?

Additional blood vessels place extra strain on the heart.

Dana is intending to breastfeed her baby after he is born. She has read that human breast milk differs significantly from cow’s milk and cow’s milk should not replace human milk (or infant formula) until the baby is at least one year old. How does human breast milk differ from cow’s milk?

Cow's milk is too high in minerals, too high in protein, and too low in carbohydrates for human infants.

The leading cause of undernutrition in the United States is

poverty.

As school-age children get older, time spent in physical activity generally

decreases

After reaching age , children who drink cow's milk should switch from whole cow's milk to reduced-fat or skim cow's milk.

2

Dana is 33 years old and pregnant for the first time. She is concerned that she might be too old to have a healthy pregnancy. Her obstetrician informed Dana that the ideal age range for pregnancy is

20 to 35 years old.

In North America, the group constituting those aged _ is the fastest-growing segment of the population.

85 years and above

Bone loss is of particular concern for women. At what period of life does most bone loss in women occur?

After menopause

A number of recent, high-profile foodborne illness outbreaks have increased Americans’ awareness of the safety of our food supply. What is the primary cause of foodborne illness in North America?

Microbial contamination

The main objective of the study was to

examine associations between body composition and a variety of diet and physical activity behaviors.

The study design is best described as a

prospective cohort study.

Percent body fat was measured using

bioelectrical impedance analysis.

Data on dietary patterns and physical activity behaviors were collected by

surveys completed by parents.

Over the two-year period, which of the following declined significantly?

Frequency of family breakfasts

Time spent in physical activity, time spent in sedentary behavior, frequency of family breakfasts, and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages were all related to percent body fat. Of these behaviors, only physical activity and family breakfasts were significantly related to BMI z-score. How can we explain this inconsistency?

BMI does not account for changes in muscle and fat.

As frequency of family breakfasts decreased,

BMI z-score and percent body fat increased.

Which of the following were limitations of the study?

All of these choices are correct. (Limitations )

During which trimester is the fetus at greatest risk of malformations?

First trimester

Urban agriculture influences local communities and economies by increasing

the availability of low-cost, nutrient-dense foods.

Jacob is 8 years old and his family experiences food insecurity. He is short for his age, and his teacher has recently noticed that Jacob is falling asleep during class and seems unable to concentrate on his tasks. A deficiency in what nutrient is likely at the root of these deficits in growth, physical stamina, and mental ability?

Iron

Benefits of genetic engineering in agriculture include

All of these choices are correct. ( Agri )

Approximately of school-age children in the United States have a BMI-for-age in the overweight or obese range.

33%

Why is water effective for body temperature regulation?

Evaporation of water from the skin releases heat energy.

Which of the following MyPlate food groups generally provides the best sources of magnesium?

Vegetables

Kelly is concerned about the growth of her daughter Quinn. At Quinn’s last pediatrician appointment, the doctor assured Kelly that Quinn’s head circumference indicates adequate growth. What does head circumference measure in a child?

Head circumference is a means of assessing brain growth.

Chromium enhances the function of

insulin

How does phosphorus contribute to bone health?

Phosphorus is a component of hydroxyapatite crystals, which lend strength to bones and teeth.

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Dietary Guidelines, complementary foods should be introduced at

6 months of age

The FAO defines _ as secure access to an appropriately nutritious diet (i.e., protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals, and water), coupled with a sanitary environment and adequate health services and care, in order to ensure a healthy and active life for all household members.

nutrition security

Quinn is a six-month-old female who weighs 13 pounds. Using the WHO growth chart for infant girls, plot Quinn's weight-for-age and determine her weight-for-age percentile.

5th percentile

Lorraine’s husband called her at 3:00 p.m. complaining of stomach pains that he thinks were related to the rare hamburger he ate earlier that day at noon. Does he have a foodborne infection or a foodborne intoxication?

Foodborne intoxication

Last summer, Lorraine’s garden yielded more food than her family could eat. She chose to extend the life of many of her fruits and vegetables by preserving them. What do most preservation methods have in common?

They decrease water content that bacteria need to grow

The fat composition of human breast milk is ideal for human infants because

All of these are correct. ( fat )

The current level of folic acid fortification of grain products leads to an intake of about 100 extra micrograms of folic acid per day. Why doesn’t the fortification program mandate higher levels of folic acid to more effectively meet requirements?

Excessive folic acid can mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency.

The primary function of thyroid hormone is to regulate

metabolic rate.

The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction intake level (CDRR) for sodium for adults is milligrams per day.

2300

The _ provides food assistance and nutrition education to low-income pregnant and lactating women and their young children under the age of 5.

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Which of the following is not a consumer, environmental, and industry trend that has increased the risk of contracting foodborne illnesses?

Global decentralization of food production facilities so food is less likely to be distributed off-site.

Which of the following is not a consumer, environmental, and industry trend that has increased the risk of contracting foodborne illnesses?

During reproductive years, blood is lost during menstruation.

At which of the following ages would the rate of bone loss exceed the rate of bone synthesis (even when calcium intake is adequate)?

50 years old

Experts speculate that about _% of foodborne illness cases go undiagnosed because they result from viral causes, and there is no easy way to test for these pathogens.

70

In a state of starvation, the brain is able to utilize _, or by-products of fatty-acid metabolism, as a source of fuel.

ketone bodies

Dehydration leads to increased ion concentration of the blood. This causes water to

move out of cells.