Chemical Reactions Overview

Chemical Reactions

Processes involved in digestion and energy production.

Atoms

Smallest unit of matter.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with different neutron numbers.

Mass

Amount of matter in an object.

Matter

Physical substance with mass and volume.

Elements

Pure substances with identical atoms.

Compounds

Substances with different atoms bonded.

Covalent Bond

Atoms sharing electron pairs.

Ionic Bond

Atoms gaining or losing electrons to form ions.

Metallic Bond

Metal atoms losing electrons forming a sea of free electrons.

Valency

Element's combining power with other atoms.

Molecule

Smallest unit of a covalent compound.

Lattice

Interlaced structure or pattern.

Ion

Charged atom.

Compound

Chemical substance of two or more elements in fixed ratios.

Isotope Properties

Different mass numbers and some different properties.

Periodic Table

List of elements based on atomic number.

Nuclear Energy

Energy related to atoms' nucleus.

Valence Shell

Outermost electron shell.

Atomic Structure

Nucleus with protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.

Matter States

Solid, liquid, gas, or plasma forms.

Periodic Table Elements

List of all known elements.

Atomic Number

Number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

Chemical Bonds

Forces holding atoms together in compounds.

Chemical Formula

Shorthand notation showing elements' ratio in a compound

Polyatomic Ion

Group of ions bonded together, acting as one charged unit

Prefix

Word or number before another word

Swap-and-Drop Method

Technique to determine ionic compound formulas

Coefficient

Number before a chemical formula in an equation

Conservation of Mass

Law stating mass cannot be created or destroyed

Product

Substance formed in a chemical reaction

Reactant

Substance initiating a chemical reaction

Balance Chemical Equation

Ensuring equal atoms on both sides of an equation

Caustic

Capable of corroding organic tissue

Concentration

Amount of substance in a solution volume

Corrosive

Highly reactive, causing damage to other substances

Neutralize

Make something chemically neutral

pH

Figure indicating solution acidity or alkalinity

Acid

Corrosive substance producing hydrogen ions in water

Base

Substance neutralizing acids

Alkalis

Bases that dissolve in water

Hydroxide Ion

OH- ion produced by bases in water

Strong Bases Usage

Commonly found in household cleaning products

Weak Bases Examples

Milder bases in toothpaste, antacids, and baking powder

Metal Hydroxides

Bases with metals bonded to hydroxide

Metal hydroxides

Contain metals bonded with hydroxide (OH-)

Metal oxides

Contain metals bonded with oxide (O2-)

Metal carbonates

Contain metals bonded with carbonate (CO32-)

pH scale

Measures acidity; pH below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic

Indicators

Substances changing color in acids or bases; e.g., litmus

Neutral solution

pH of 7, results from a strong acid and base reaction

Acidic salt

Product of a strong acid with a weak base reaction

Basic salt

Product of a strong base with a weak acid reaction

Carbonate

Contains carbon and oxygen; reacts with acids

Neutralisation reaction

Acid and base reaction producing water and a salt

Strong acid

Acid fully ionizes in water

Weak acid

Acid partially ionizes in water

Hydrogen gas

Produced when acids react with metals

Reactivity series

Order of metals' reactivity with acids

Salt

Product of an acid-base reaction

Hydroxide ions

Source in bases, combine with H+ to form water

Carbon dioxide

Gas produced when acids react with metal carbonates

Litmus

Indicator turning red in acids and blue in bases

Universal indicator

Used to identify acidity or basicity of a solution

Bromothymol blue

Indicator showing different colors in acids and bases

Phenolphthalein

Indicator used to show acidity or basicity

Methyl Orange

Indicator changing color in acids and bases

Salt and water

Products of an acid-base neutralization reaction

Hydrochloric acid

Strong acid reacting with sodium hydroxide to form water and sodium chloride

Sodium hydroxide

Strong base reacting with hydrochloric acid to form water and sodium chloride

Combustion

Reaction involving burning in oxygen to release heat

Hydrocarbon

Compound of carbon and hydrogen

Oxidation

Reaction in the presence of oxygen

Soot

Black carbon from incomplete combustion

Complete Combustion

Combustion with ample oxygen producing CO2 and H2O

Incomplete Combustion

Combustion with limited oxygen producing CO and soot

Magnesium Oxide

White solid product of burning magnesium in oxygen

Carbon Monoxide

Toxic gas from incomplete combustion

Energy Transformation

Chemical energy to heat energy in combustion

Respiration

Combustion within cells for energy release

Corrosion

Gradual degradation of metals by chemical reactions

Rusting

Corrosion of iron forming iron oxide

Galvanising

Coating iron with zinc to prevent corrosion

Stainless Steel

Iron-chromium/nickel alloy resistant to corrosion

Decomposition Reaction

One substance breaks down into simpler substances

Thermal Decomposition

Decomposition initiated by heat energy

Electrolysis

Electrical decomposition of a liquid reactant

Photochemical Decomposition

Decomposition triggered by light energy

Copper Carbonate

CuCO3 decomposes into CuO and CO2

Electrical Decomposition

Electrolysis, e.g., water into hydrogen and oxygen

Passivating Metals

Metals forming protective layers against corrosion

Alloy

Mixture of two or more metals

Degradation

Breaking down of a substance

Limewater

Turns milky in the presence of carbon dioxide

Acid + Base Reaction

Acid and base neutralization reaction

Acid + Carbonate Reaction

Acid reacts with carbonate to produce CO2

Acid + Metal Reaction

Acid reacts with metal to produce salt and hydrogen