ANAPHY MT 100 LEC - Integumentary System

Epithelial Membrane, Connective Tissue Membranes

Enumerate the two types of body membranes

Cutaneous Membrane, Mucous Membrane, Serous Membrane

enumerate the three types of epithelial membranes

Cutaneous Membrane

Dry outermost membrane that acts as a protective boundary, the body's first line of defense

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

An outer epidermis of the cutaneous membrane is made out of:

keratin

a tough protein that makes the skin water-resistant and durable

Dermis

a supportive layer of connective tissue beneath the epidermis

Mucous Membrane

lines body cavities open to the exterior for protection, absorption, or secretion

Mucous Membrane

moist membranes that are almost continuously bathed in secretions like mucus

Respiratory Tract, Digestive Tract, Urinary tract, and Reproductive Tract

Mucous membranes are found in the:

Serous Membrane

Lines the body cavities that are closed to the exterior

Parietal and Visceral

Serous Membrane occurs in pairs:

Parietal Layer

lines the internal surface of the body wall

Visceral Layer

lines the organs within the cavity

Serous Fluid

Between the Visceral and Parital layers of the Serous Membranes is a fluid

Serous Fluid

a fluid that reduces friction as organs move

Pleura (Lungs) - Pleural Fluid

Pericardium (Heart) - Pericardial Fluid

Peritoneum (Abdominal) - Peritoneal Fluid

the location of the serous fluid changes its name

Synovial membranes

enumerate the types of connective tissue membranes

Synovial Membranes

composed of loose areolar connective tissue that do not contain epithelial tissue

Synovial Membranes

lines the fibrous capsules surrounding synovial joints

Synovial Membranes

provides a smooth surface within joints, and secretes a synovial fluid for lubrication

Synovial Fluid

Synovial Membranes secrete a fluid for lubrication

Bursae and Tendon Sheaths

Synovial Membranes also line ____

Bursae

small connective tissue sacs

Tendon Sheaths

tube-like coverings around tendons

Bursae and Tendon Sheaths

Reduce friction, cushions structures moving against one another, and facilitate smooth movement of tendons over bones during movement

Protection, Body Temperature Regulation, Excretion of Urea and Uric Acid, Vitamin D synthesis, Sensory receptors

Enumerate the functions of the integumentary system

Integumentary System protects from Mechanical Damage

Physical barrier contains keratin, which toughens cells; fat cells to cushion blows; and pressure receptors, which alert the nervous system to possible damage.

Integumentary System protects from Chemical Damage

Has relatively impermeable keratinized cells; contains pain receptors, which alert the nervous system to possible damage.

Integumentary System protects from Bacterial Damage

Has an unbroken surface and "acid mantle" (skin secretions are acidic and thus inhibit bacteria). Phagocytes ingest foreign substances and pathogens, preventing them from penetrating into deeper body tissues.

Integumentary System protects from UV Radiation

Melanin produced by melanocytes offers protection from UV damage.

Integumentary System protects from Thermal Damage

Contains heat/cold/pain receptors.

Integumentary System protects from Desiccation

Contains a water-resisting glycolipid and keratin.

Integumentary System aids in body heat loss

By activating sweat glands and by allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds so that heat can radiate from the skin surface.

Integumentary System aids in body heat retention

By not allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds.

Integumentary System aids in excretion of urea and uric acid

contained in perspiration produced by sweat glands

Integumentary System synthesizes vitamin D

Modified cholesterol molecules in skin converted to vitamin D by sunlight

Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis (Subcutaneous)

Enumerate the structure of the skin

stratified squamous epithelium

the type of epithelium in the epidermis

epidermis

avascular meaning it has no blood cell, rather, nutrients diffused from the epidermis below

keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells

enumerate the specialized cells in the epidermis

Keratinocytes

majority of epidermal cells, produce keratin, which toughens the skin

Melanocytes

produce melanin, which absorbs UV light to protect DNA

Merkel cells (merkel discs)

sensory receptors for light touch

Langerhans cells

immune cells that detect and fight pathogens

Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum

Enumerate the layers of the epidermis from DEEP to SUPERFICIAL

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale

Enumerate the layers of the epidermis from SUPERFICIAL to DEEP

Stratum Basale

a single layer of stem cells that are in constant cell division, pushing new cells forward; contains melanocytes and merkel cells

Stratum Spinosum

Cells develop desmosomes

Stratum Spinosum

a layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin through thick bundles of intermediate filaments

desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

Stratum Granulosum

Cells flatten, organelles deteriorate, and cytoplasm fills with granules as cells begin to die, keratinization begins

Stratum Lucidum

only occurs in thick skin, is a clear layer of dead, flattened cells, found in palms and soles

Stratum Corneum

20-30 layers of dead, flattened keratinized cells that is surrounded with a water-resistance glycolipids.

25-45 days

how often does the Stratum Corneum shred and renew

Dermis

Connective tissue with blood vessels, nerves, glands, that provides strength, flexibility, and nourishment to the epidermis

Papillary and Reticular Layer

enumerate the two layers of dermis

Papillary Layer

the upper dermal region that contains peglike projections (dermal papillae) which indents the layer above to make fingerprints

Papillary Layer

a layer composed of areolar connective tissue, that contains touch receptors

Reticular Layer

A layer that is composed of dense irregular connective tissue

Reticular Layer

contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, deep pressure receptors, and collagen fibers for strength

Subcutaneous Tissues (Hypodermis)

adipose tissue that is located deep to the dermis which anchors the skin to organs.

Subcutaneous Tissues (Hypodermis)

absorbs shock, stores nutrients, and insulates heat loss

Melanin, Carotene, Hemoglobin

Skin color is a result from three pigments:

Melanin; Melanocytes

_____ pigment produced by _______that gives the skin its yellow, brown, or black color.

More; darker

the _______ melanin a person has, the more ___ their skin will be

Carotene

the orange/yellow pigment of the skin that comes from vegetables

Hemoglobin

the red pigment in blood

Sebaceous Glands, Sweat Glands, Hair and Hair follicles, Nails

Enumerate the Appendages of the Skin

epidermis; dermis

all appendages arise from ____ but are located in the _____

Sebaceous Glands

secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis to lubricate skin and hair

Sebaceous Glands

Prevents brittleness and has antibacterial chemicals

Eccrine and Apocrine

Enumerate the two sweat glands

Eccrine glands

glands that produce sweat for thermoregulation; found over most of the body

Apocrine Glands

Sweat glands in the axillary and groin areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin, activated at puberty

Hair and Hair follicles

offer sensory input and minor protection

Nails

protects the fingertips and helps in picking up objects

Infections, Allergies, Burns, Cancers

Enumerate the Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin

athlete's foot (tinea pedis) - infection

A homeostatic imbalance that can result in a fungal infection between the toes

contact dermatitis - allergies

A homeostatic imbalance that can result in itching and swelling from chemical exposure

first-degree, second-degree, third-degree, fourth-degree

enumerate the types of burns

first degree burn

Epidermal damage only, Localized redness, swelling, and pain

second degree burn

Epidermis and the Dermis are damaged; characterized by redness, blisters, and pain

third degree burn

a burn involving all layers of the skin; with blackened areas, and is painless due to nerves being destroyed

Rule of Nines

A system that assigns percentages to sections of the body, allowing calculation of the amount of skin surface involved in the burn area.

head: 4.5%

arms (each) : 4.5%

chest: 9%

abdominopelvic: 9%

perineum: 1%

legs (each): 9%

Anterior rule of nines percentages

head: 4.5%

arms (each) : 4.5%

chest: 9%

gluteal: 9%

legs (each): 9%

Posterior rule of nines percentages

Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Malignant Melanoma

enumerate the homeostatic imbalances caners

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; occurs in the Stratum Basale

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Type of skin cancer that is faster growing, and can metastasize, found in the stratum spinosum

Malignant Melanoma

Most serious form of skin cancer; most dangerous, spreads rapidly to lymph/blood

Malignant Melanoma

cancer of the melanocytes

ABCDE Rule

the rule in identifying melanoma skin cancer on moles

Asymmetry

One half of the mole does not match the other half (shape, size, contour or appearance)

Border

The edges are uneven, ragged, or blurred

Color

The mole has different colors (brown, black, tan, red, white, or blue)

Diameter

The mole is larger than about 6 mm (roughly the size of a pencil eraser)

Evolving

he mole changes in size, shape, color, or appearance over time