Biology Final Flashcards

Carbohydrate - Sugar

Provides short-term energy because it is digested quickly. (Simple)

Typically found in fruits such as apples and bananas. Exp. ATP

Carbohydrate - Starch

Provides prolonged energy because it is slowly digested. (Complex)

Potatoes, bread, rice, and pasta. Exp. ATP

Carbohydrate - Cellulose

Provides structure in the cell wall plats

Root and leaf vegetables such as celery, carrots, and lettuce.

Cell walls in plants.

Lipid

Long-term energy storage, insulation and makes up cell membranes.

Butter, avocado oil, beef fat, bacon, and yogurt.

Body fat and cell membranes

Protein

Builds or repairs cell structure, and speeds up chemical reactions.

Eggs, chicken, beef, quinoa, tuna, and nuts.

Exp. muscle, bones, skin, etc

What is the difference between a macromolecule and a monomer?

A macromolecule is more complex than a monomer, which is a single building block. Macromolecules are formed from many monomers linked together.

What is the monomer for carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide

What is the monomer for lipids?

Fatty Acid

What is the monomer for protein?

Amino Acid

What is the monomer for nucleic acid?

Nucleotide

‘Storage area’ for food, water, and air

Vacuole

Outer support structure of a plant cell

Cell Wall

Control center of the cell, “The brain.” Where DNA/chromosomes are found

Nucleus

Gives energy to the cell through the process of cell respiration

Mitochondria

Function as factories to make proteins

Ribosomes

Controls what enter and exits a cell

Cell membrane

Jellylike fluid that gives cells volume

Cytoplasm

Made of folded-up DNA

Chromosomes

Food making parts of plant cell filled with chlorophyll. Photosynthesis happens here.

Chloroplasts

Stores and transports food, fats and sometimes water to different parts of the cell.

Vesicles

Best describes a difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

The presence of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells indicates that they are more complex than prokaryotic cells.

The cells on your microscope slide appear to have a cell wall, green disks and nucleus. What type of cell do you think you are looking at and what are the green disks?

A eukaryotic plant cell and chloroplasts.

The cells on your microscope slide appear to have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus. What type of cell do you think you are looking at and why?

A eukaryotic animal cell because of the presence of membrane-bound organelles. (Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus. )

Name 3 organelles that are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes.

Name 3 structural (observable) differences between plant and animal cells.

Plant: Chloroplasts, cell wall, LARGE vacuole.

Name 3 structural (observable) differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic: More complex, nucleus, mitochondria

Pro: Flagellum

Name and describe the function of each part of the cell membrane.

A. Glycoprotein

B. Cholesterol

C. Lipid Tails

D. Phosphate Head

E. Transport Protein

F. Glycolipid

Glycoprotein

Helps cells interact and identify each other

Cholesterol

Helps stabilize the phospholipids

Lipid Tails

Hydrophobic (water fearing)

Phosphate Head

Hydrophilic (water loving)

Transport Protein

Moves needed substances or wastes through the plasma membrane.

Glycolipid

Helps cells interact and identify each other.

Active Transport

Requires energy, low to high, moves large molecules

Passive Transport

Does not require energy, high to low, moves small and hydrophobic molecules.

Facilitated Transport

Does not require energy, high to low, moves small hydrophilic molecules.

Osmosis

The diffusion of WATER, will always be passive transport, high to low, water molecules.

Hypotonic

HIPPO=BIG, water moves in, cell swells or bursts

Hypertonic

HYPER=FAST=YOU SWEAT=LOSE WATER, water moves out, cell shrinks.

Isotonic

Cell does not change in size, equal concentration of solvent (liquid) in and out of cell.

What is ATP?

Adenosine Triphosphate: Chemical energy.

How is ATP different from ADP?

ATP has THREE phosphates while ADP has two, so ATP can create more energy.

When is energy released from ATP?

During hydrolysis.

List the reactants of photosynthesis:

Carbon and water

List the products of photosynthesis

Glucose and oxygen

Write the equation for photosynthesis

6CO2+6H2O—> C6H12O6+6O2

Photosynthesis produces what gas?

Oxygen

What is the organelle in which photosynthesis occurs?

Chloroplast

What gas is taken in by plant leaves? What gas is released?

Taken: Carbon

Released: Oxygen

As the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decreases, the oxygen produced will ____

DECREASE

List the reactants of cellular respiration:

Oxygen and glucose

List the products of cellular respiration:

Carbon, energy, water

Write the equation for cellular respiration:

C6H12O6+6O2 —> 6CO2+6H2O

Cellular respiration produces what gas?

Carbon

What is the organelle in which cellular respiration occurs?

Mitochondria

What organisms do photosynthesis? Why?

Plants (producers) — For energy

What organisms do cellular respiration? Why?

All eukaryotic cells — For energy

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

Photosynthesis makes glucose which is used in cellular respiration for making ATP. (Equations are also reversed)

What macromolecule is involved with photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Name it.

Glucose

What do enzymes do?

Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed.

A. Active site

B. Substrate

C. Products

D. Enzyme

E. Enzyme substrate complex

Label the following diagram with the following: Enzyme, substrate, active site, product, enzyme substrate complex.

What is a synthesis reaction?

Joining of 2 reactants to produce a complex product

What is a decomposition reaction?

Compound breaks down in to 2 or more simpler substances.

In which organelle is DNA found?

Nucleus

What are the monomers (building blocks) of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA?

Nucleotides

What are the four nitrogen bases?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine.

In DNA, A always pairs with what?

T

In DNA, C always pairs with what?

G

A nucleotide is made up of what three parts?

Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, sugar.

What does DNA tell cells to make?

Proteins

What is a gene?

A segment of DNA that codes for a trait.

A. Helicase: Unzips the DNA

B. DNA polymerase: Replicates and synthesizes DNA.

Label the enzymes.

What are the steps to replication in DNA?

Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break, strands of DNA separate, hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form, free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA

Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative replication?

One original and one new strand.

What organelle makes proteins?

Ribosomes

What are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins?

Amino Acids

Why is mRNA able to leave the nucleus when DNA can’t?

mRNA is single stranded, therefore smaller.

Name the 4 nitrogen bases in RNA

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine.

What are three differences between RNA and DNA

RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded. RNA has ribose while DNA has deoxyribose. DNA uses Thymine while RNA uses Uracil.

Where is DNA found?

Nucleus

Where is RNA found?

Cytoplasm

Where does transcription occur?

Nucleus

Where does translation occur?

Cytoplasm

Protein synthesis events:

DNA serves as a template for RNA, RNA moves to cytoplasm, tRNA bonds to a specific codon, amino acids bond together.

Transcription or Translation?

Transcription

Transcription or Translation?

Translation.

What is a mutation?

A change in genetic material.

Point mutation

Involve changes in 1 or few nucleotides

Deletion

Section of chromosome is missing

Insertion

Sections of genes are reversed