🔬 Biology Exam Review – Multiple Choice (40 Questions)

A type of reaction that stores energy in the form of ATP.

Endergonic reaction

A type of reaction that releases energy.

Exergonic reaction

Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Enzyme function

Occurs when an inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site.

Competitive inhibition

The process of intake of small droplets of fluid by a cell.

Pinocytosis

Macromolecules made of monosaccharides.

Carbohydrates

The functional group that gives amino acids their acidic properties.

Carboxyl group

The bond that links sugars in carbohydrates.

Glycosidic bond

Folding into alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

Secondary protein structure

The level of protein structure involving interactions between R-groups.

Tertiary structure

Found in the backbones of DNA and RNA.

Phosphodiester bonds

The first process in cellular respiration that occurs.

Glycolysis

The molecule produced during glycolysis.

Pyruvate

In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor in the ETC is oxygen.

Final electron acceptor

The movement of protons across a membrane to power ATP synthesis.

Chemiosmosis

A stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

Krebs cycle

The stage of photosynthesis that produces glucose.

Calvin cycle

The enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA during transcription.

RNA polymerase

A mutation that replaces one amino acid with another.

Missense mutation

A mutation that changes a codon into a stop codon.

Nonsense mutation

The enzyme that unwinds DNA during replication.

Helicase

RNA has uracil instead of thymine and is single-stranded.

RNA differences

The base that pairs with cytosine in DNA.

Guanine

The role of anticodon on tRNA is to match a codon on mRNA.

Anticodon role

Translation occurs at the ribosome.

Translation location

The part of cellular respiration that makes the most ATP.

ETC and chemiosmosis

The process that splits water and releases oxygen in photosynthesis.

Light-dependent reactions

An example of gene regulation in prokaryotes.

Lac operon

Too high a temperature can denature enzymes.

Temperature effect on enzymes

The process that breaks down polymers into monomers using water.

Hydrolysis

ATP is mainly used in cells to provide energy for cellular work.

ATP purpose

A solution that has equal solute concentrations inside and outside a cell.

Isotonic solution

A type of molecule made of glycerol and fatty acids.

Triglyceride

Occurs across a selectively permeable membrane.

Osmosis

Codons are found on mRNA.

Codons location

The ribosomal site that holds the growing polypeptide chain during translation.

P site

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

Diffusion

The bonds that hold the nitrogenous bases of DNA together.

Hydrogen bonds

RNA contains ribose sugar.

Ribose sugar

A type of molecule that contains both a phosphate group and a nitrogen base.

Nucleotide