HOSA Pharm Science things

Schedule I

Drugs with no current medical use with high potential for abuse and/or addition.

Schedule II

Drugs with some medically acceptable uses, but with high potential for abuse and/or addiction. These drugs can be obtained through prescription.

Schedule III

Drugs with low to moderate potential for abuse and/or addiction, but less dangerous than Schedule I or II. These drugs can be obtained through prescription, but generally are not available over the counter.

Schedule IV

Drugs with viable medical use and low probability of use or misuse.

Schedule V

Drugs with low potential for abuse (lower than Schedule IV).

DAW codes

What is submitted to the insurance company to determine if the proper brand name or generic medication is being dispensed.

DAW 0

What is the default DAW code used when dispensing a generic drug or when dispensing a brand name product that does not have generic available?

DAW 1

What DAW code has the prescriber indicate dispense as written?

DAW 2

What DAW code has the patient request the brand name product?

DAW 3

What DAW code has the pharmacist request brand name product be dispensed?

DAW 4

What DAW code is used when the generic is not in stock, so the brand name product must be dispensed?

DAW 5

What DAW code is used for when the brand is dispensed but priced as generic?

DAW 6

What DAW code is used when the brand name is necessary; used for prior authorization cases?

DAW 7

What DAW code is used when substitution is not allowed; brand is mandated by law?

DAW 8

What DAW code is used when the generic is not currently available; either not being manufactured or not being distributed?

DAW 9

What DAW code is used for any “other” DAW code?

Patient Profile

The following information is found on the _________ ________:

• Name

• Address

• Phone number

• DOB

• Gender

• Allergy information

• Medical information

• Insurance information

• Prescriptions filled

• Preference for child-resistant containers

• May contain other preferences, such as generic substitution or large-print labels

Allergies

What is the hypersensitivity of the immune system that may begin immediately after taking a medication or take weeks to show symptoms?

Allergy Indicatiors

These are examples of ________ ___________:

• Rash

• Watery eyes

• Swelling

• Itching

• Wheezing

Anaphylaxis

What occurs in severe allergies that can lead to the swelling of the airways and difficulty breathing, and can even result in death if not immediately treated?

Auxiliary Label

An ___________ ______ is a bright, colorful label placed on a bottle label to provide information in addiction with what is on the bottle label; alerts patients to specific information to which careful attention should be paid.

Specific information

________ ____________ on the label (in print) include:

• Pharmacy name, address, and telephone number

• Patient’s name

• Date prescription was filled

• Prescriber’s name

• Prescription Rx number

• Medication name and strength

• Directions for use

• Quantity of medication

• Refills allowed

• Initials of pharmacist dispensing prescription

Counting Trays

A device used to count tablets, capsules, or other solid oral medications and transfer these dosage forms from the stock bottle to the patient’s medication bottle.

Tablet Splitter

A device used to split tablets in half.

Scored Tablets

Tablets that have a line or crevice to make splitting easier.

Patient Package Insert

Required by the FDA for all medications dispensed; provides information about the drug for the patient. Contains information about:

• How the drug works

• What to do if a dose is missed

• Contraindications

• Warnings

• Side effects

• Overdose information

• Dosages and packing information

• Indications and use

Medication Guide (MedGuide)

Supplemental information required by the FDA to be included in the additions to the patient package insert for specific drugs. Some examples of medications requiring this is:

• Accutane

• Antidepressants

• Birth control

• NSAIDs

• Medications for ADD/ADHD including adderall, concerts, Ritalin, and stattera

Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)

An organization whose mission is to investigate medication errors and help provide error-reduction strategies to the medical community. They have created:

• Medication Errors Reporting Program (MERP), a voluntary reporting system

• List of unsafe abbreviations

• List of look-alike/sound-alike (LASE) drugs to be dispensed carefully

Look-Alike/Sound-Alike (LASE)

A list of medications developed by the ISMP that have the potential to be confused with other drugs.

Tall Man Lettering

Lettering used to help distinguish drug names that may be otherwise confused.

High-Alert Medications

Medications, that if used in error, carry a greater risk of causing patient harm.

Error-Prone Abbreviations

The ISMP has created a list of abbreviations that are frequently misinterpreted

• The use of these abbreviations should be limited, and if a technician encounters one in practice, he or she should always verify the correct meaning

Leading Zero

The zero placed before the decimal point; required and should always be included in dosing.

Trailing Zero

The zero placed after or to the right of the decimal point; unnecessary and, if misinterpreted, could cause a tenfold increase in a medication to be incorrectly dispensed.

Patient Identifier

Anything that can identify the patient when administering his or her medication.

Medication Error

Any preventable that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm.

Omissions Error

A prescribed dose is due to be given by, not administered.

Wrong Time Error

A prescribed dose is given out of the designated range of the hospital time guidelines, or a dose is given above or below the prescribed dose.

Pharmacist Intervention

Some issues require the decision making and clinical knowledge of a pharmacist.

Systematic Effect

An effect of a drug that involves the entire body; for example, a blood pressure lowering agent.

Localized Effect

An effect of a drug that involves a specific part of the body only; for example, using a numbing agent on an injured area.

Route of Administration

The way by which a drug enters into the body; selected based on several factors, including:

• Speed of onset required

• Patient status (ability to swallow a tablet)

• Drugs’ absorption characteristics

Oral (PO)

Taking medications this way is the most common route of administration, which is when a medication is given by mouth.

• Least expensive and and most convenient route

• Not the quickest method because medication must be absorbed into the bloodstream from the GI tract

• Achieves best rates of patient’s compliance to drug therapy

Tablet

A solid dosage form made by compression

Caplet

A solid tablet dosage form shaped like a capsule; can assist in easier swallowing of large tablets.

Chewable Tablet

A tablet that is to be chewed and swallowed; not swallowed whole; ideal for children and patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets; has a faster onset of action than regular tablets.

Enteric Coating (EC)

A tablet that is specifically cared to aid in swallowing and to bypass the stomach so that it will not dissolve until it reaches the small intestine; designed for medications that may be harsh on the stomach (like Aspirin).

Extended Release (XR, XL)

A type of medication that allows a reduced frequently in dosing.

Controlled Release (CR)

A type of extended-release formulation that delivers that drug at a certain rate for a specific period of time.

Sustained Release (SR)

A type of extended-release formulation that releases the medication slowly over a specific period of time.

Capsule

A container, usually made of gelatin, that contains a medication to be dissolved in the GI tract; easier to swallow than a tablet and generally has a slightly faster onset of action.

Solution

A liquid in which the active ingredient is completely dissolved.

Solute

The part of the solution that is dissolved in the liquid, that is, the active ingredient.

Solvent

The part of the solution that is composed of the liquid portion; the liquid that doses that dissolving (an example is water when mixed with Kool-Aid).

Elixir

A liquid dosage form that is sweetened and usually contains alcohol.

Syrup

A thick solution made with water and a large amount of sugar.

Suspension

A liquid dosage form that is composed of undissolved particles of active ingredient suspended in a liquid; patients must be told to shake well when given this.

Emulsion

A mixture of two substances that normally would not mix together; must be shaken well prior to use.

Lozenge/Troche

A solid oral dosage form that usually has localized effects; proper use is to such or chew on this (an example is nicotine gum).

Ointment

Topical dosage form that contains more oil than water and tends to have a greasy or oily-feel; a water-in-oil preparation (an example is Neosporin).

Paste

Topical dosage form similar to an ointment, but it creates a heavier consistency, and thus the application is thicker than an ointment or cream (an example is sunscreen).

Cream

Topical dosage form that contains more water than oil; an oil-in-water preparation (an example is hydrocortisone cream).

Lotion

Topical dosage form composed of an oil-in-water base and thinner in a consistency lighter than cream, which helps them to absorb faster and be lighter on the skin (an example is an OTC moisturizers).

Transdermal Patch

Topical dosage form designed to deliver a drug enclosed with a patch to the body through skin absorption

Intrauterine Device (IUD)

Small device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy; effective means of birth control for several years.

Hydrocodone with Acetaminophen; C-3

Brand Name: Lorcet, Lortab, Norco, Vicodin

Drug Class: opioid analgesic

Indication: relief of moderate to moderately severe pain

Controlled: YES

Lisinopril

Brand Name: Prinivil, Zestril

Drug Class: antihypertensive: ACE inhibitor

Indication: treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension)

Controlled: no

Levothyroxine Sodium

Brand Name: Levoxyl, Synthroid, Unithroid, Levothroid

Drug Class: thyroid hormone

Indication: treatment of hypothyroidism

Controlled: no

Simvastatin

Brand Name: Zocor

Drug Class: Antihyperlipidemic-HMG CoA reductase inhibitor

Indication: treatment of high cholesterol

Controlled: no

Omeprazole

Brand Name: Prilosec

Drug Class: antinuclear agent--proton pump inhibitor (PPI)

Indication: treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, acid reflux, and other hypersecretory conditions

Controlled: no

Metformin Hydrochloride

Brand Name: Glucophage, Glucopage XR

Drug Class: antidiabetic

Indication: used for lowering of blood sugar in Type 2 Diabetes, sometimes used in combination with insulin or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Controlled: no

Furosemide

Brand Name: Lasix

Drug Class: diuretic—loop

Indication: treatment of edema and hypertension

Controlled: no

Potassium Chloride

Brand Name: K-Dur, Klor-Con, Micro-K, many others

Drug Class: potassium supplement (oral)

Indication: treatment and prevention of potassium deficiency (hypokalemia)

Controlled: no

Gabapentin

Brand Name: Neurontin

Drug Class: antiepilectic

Indication: used as an adjunct in the treatment of partial seizures; can also be used to neuralgia (nerve pain) and restless leg syndrome (RLS)

Controlled: no

Amlodipine Besylate

Brand Name: Norvasc

Drug Class: antihypertensive—calcium channel blocker

Indication: treatment of hypertension, can also be used for alignment of angina

Controlled: no

Albuterol Sulfate

Brand Name: Proair HFA, Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA

Drug Class: bronchodilator, antiasthmatic (inhalation)

Indication: treatment of asthma and bronchospasms

Controlled: no

Alprazolam; C-4

Brand Name: Xanax, Xanax XR

Drug Class: anti-anxiety—benzodiazepine

Indication: treatment of anxiety and panic disorders

Controlled: YES

Citalopram Hydrobromide

Brand Name: Celexa

Drug Class: antidepressant—selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Indication: treatment of depression

Controlled: no

Ranitidine Hydrochloride

Brand Name: Zantac

Drug Class: antinuclear agent—H2, receptor blocker

Indication: treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, and other hypersecretory

Controlled: no

Zolpidem Tartrate; C-4

Brand Name: Ambien, Ambien CR

Drug class: sedative, hypnotic

Indication: treatment of insomnia

Controlled: YES

Atorvastatic Calcium

Brand Name: Lipitor

Drug Class: antihyperlipidemic—HMG Coa Reductase Inhibitor

Indication: treatment of high cholesterol

Controlled: no

Hydrocholothiazide (HCTZ)

Brand Name: HydroDiuril, Esidrix

Drug Class: diuretic—thiazide

Indication: treatment of edema and hypertension

Controlled: no

Tramadol Hydrochloride

Brand Name: Ultram, Ryzolt, Ultram ER

Drug Class: analgesic

Indication: management of moderate to moderately severe pain

Controlled: YES

Metoprolol Tartate

Brand Name: Lopressor

Drug Class: antihypertensive—beta blocker

Indication: treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure) and angina

Controlled: no

Trazodone Hydrochloride

Brand Name: Desyrel

Drug Class: antidepressant

Indication: treatment of depression

Controlled: no

Duloxetine Hydrochloride

Brand Name: Cymbalta

Drug Class: antidepressant—selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)

Indication: treatment of fibromyalgia, diabetic neuropathy, and other chronic pain

Controlled: no

Carvedilol

Brand Name: Coreg, Coreg CR

Drug Class: antihypertensive—beta blocker

Indication: treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure)

Controlled: no

Warfarin Sodium

Brand Name: Coumadin, Jantoven

Drug Class: anticoagulant

Indication: prevention of blood clots

Controlled: no

Clopidogrel Bisulfate

Brand Name: Plavix

Drug Class: platelet inhibitor

Indication: prevention of blood clots

Controlled: no

Clonazepam; C-4

Brand Name: Klonopin

Drug Class: antiepileptic (benzodiazepine)

Indication: treatment of seizures

Controlled: YES

Montelukast Sodium

Brand Name: SIngulair

Drug Class: antiasthmatic—leukotriene inhibitor

Indication: treatment of asthma, bronchospasms, and seasonal allergies

Controlled: no

Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride

Brand Name: Flexeril, Amrix, Fexmid

Drug Class: muscle relaxant

Indication: treatment of muscle spasms

Controlled: no

Sertraline Hydrochloride

Brand Name: Zoloft

Drug Class: antidepressant—selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Indication: treatment of depression

Controlled: no

Insulin Glargine

Brand Name: Lantus

Drug Class: antidiabetic

Indication: treatment of insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes or type 2 diabetes not properly controlled

Controlled: no

Metoprolol Succinate

Brand Name: Toprol XL

Drug Class: antihypertensive—beta blocker

Indication: treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure) and angina

Controlled: no

Quetiapine Fumerate

Brand Name: Seroquel

Drug Class: antipsychotic—atypical

Indication: treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Controlled: no

Lovastatin

Brand Name: Mevacor

Drug Class: antihyperlipidemic—HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

Indication: treatment of high cholesterol

Controlled: no

Esomeprazole Magnesium

Brand Name: Nexium

Drug Class: antinuclear agent—proton pump inhibitor (PPI)

Indication: treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, and other hypersecretory conditions

Controlled: no

Fluticasone Propionate with Salmeterol Xinafoate

Brand Name: Advair

Drug Class: anti-asthmatic (inhalation)

Indication: treatment of asthma and COPD

Controlled: no

Fluoxetine Hydrochloride

Brand Name: Prozac, Sarafem

Drug Class: antidepressant—selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Indication: treatment of depression disorders (Sarafem used to treat PMDD)

Controlled: no