Carbohydrate Metabolism Lecture 29

Vocabulary flashcards for reviewing key concepts in carbohydrate metabolism, specifically glycolysis and related pathways.

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

Cytosol

The aqueous component of the cytoplasm in which organelles, proteins, and other cell structures are suspended.

Energy Investment Phase

The first phase of glycolysis where ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose and its derivatives.

Energy Payoff Phase

The second phase of glycolysis where ATP and NADH are produced.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in all living organisms.

NADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form), an electron carrier involved in cellular respiration.

Pyruvate

The end product of glycolysis, which can be further utilized in aerobic or anaerobic respiration.

Substrate-level phosphorylation

The direct synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphate group, occurring in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

A three-carbon sugar that is an intermediate in glycolysis.

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

A high-energy intermediate in glycolysis that generates ATP upon conversion to pyruvate.

Acetyl CoA

The entry molecule for the citric acid cycle formed from pyruvate.

Citric Acid Cycle

A series of enzymatic reactions that produce energy through the oxidation of acetyl CoA.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the electron transport chain to produce ATP.

Coenzyme A (CoA)

A coenzyme that conveys carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle.

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

A waste product of carbohydrate metabolism produced during the citric acid cycle.

FADH₂

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (reduced form), an electron carrier created during the citric acid cycle.

Dehydrogenase

An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of hydrogen from a substrate.

Pyruvate Kinase

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, producing ATP.

3-Phosphoglycerate

A three-carbon intermediate formed in the glycolysis pathway.

2-Phosphoglycerate

A two-carbon intermediate in glycolysis, formed from 3-phosphoglycerate.

Enolase

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate.

Mitochondria

Organelles where aerobic respiration and ATP production occur.

NAD+

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form), an essential electron acceptor in cellular metabolism.

Oxidation

The loss of electrons or hydrogen in a reaction.

Reduction

The gain of electrons or hydrogen in a reaction.

Reduced Electron Carriers

Molecules that can carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

ATP Synthase

An enzyme that creates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, typically powered by a proton gradient.

Chemiosmosis

A process where energy is stored in the form of a proton gradient across a membrane.

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet.

Glycolytic Pathway

The series of reactions that constitute glycolysis.

Oxidative Decarboxylation

The process of removing a carboxyl group from a substrate, producing CO₂ and an oxidized compound.