SCOTUS cases

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Ruled that the Sixth Amendment’s right to counsel applies to state courts, ensuring the right to a fair trial.

Miranda Rights

Rights established in Miranda v. Arizona (1966), requiring law enforcement to inform suspects of their right to remain silent and have legal counsel.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Affirmed students’ rights to free speech in schools unless it disrupts learning.

New York Times v. United States (1971)

Strengthened press freedom by limiting government censorship of the press.

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Upheld religious freedom by allowing exemptions from laws that burden religious practices.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Established the constitutional right to abortion under the implied right to privacy.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Affirmed that no one, including the president, is above the law, leading to Nixon’s resignation.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

Upheld affirmative action but banned strict racial quotas in college admissions.

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)

Allowed school officials the authority to censor school-sponsored student publications.

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

Uphold flag burning as a protected form of symbolic speech under the First Amendment.

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Ruled that racial gerrymandering is unconstitutional unless justified by a compelling state interest.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Limited Congress’s authority under the Commerce Clause regarding gun-free zones.

District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)

Recognized an individual’s right to own firearms for self-defense under the Second Amendment.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Incorporated the Second Amendment to the states, recognizing individual gun rights.

Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

Extended free speech rights to corporations, allowing unlimited political spending.

Bush v. Gore (2000)

Resolved the presidential election dispute over the Florida recount, impacting federal election procedures.