HS 2510- chapters 2, 5, 6, 10, 4, & 11

exam 1

sexuality

general term for the feelings and behaviors of human beings concerning sex. study diseases, illnesses, and health problems related to sex

objectivity

the observation of things as they exist in reality as opposed to our feelings or beliefs about them

biases

when studying sexuality we tend to make value judgements or evaluations based on moral or ethical standards rather than objective ones 

stereotype

a set of simplistic, rigidly held, overgeneralized beliefs about an individual, a group of people, an idea and so on.

role of sex researcher

to describe sexual behavior

Richard von Kraft-Ebing

• published an influential collection of case histories of fetishists, sadists, masochists, and homosexuals

• invented the words sadomasochism and transvestite

• considered masturbation the root of all evil or a sexual sin

• much of his work was responsible for brining an immense range of sexual behaviors to the surface that had never been documented

Sigmund Freud

• father of psychoanalysis, he set the stage for all other psychological theories 

• was a neurologist who came to believe that sexuality was a primary motivation for behavior

• id, ego, and superego

• believed that sexuality begins at birth and described the five stages of psychosexual development 

ID 

pleasure part of our personality, driver by libido. seeks immediate satisfaction, governed by the pleasure principle

EGO

deals with reality, acts as an intermediary between demands of the ID and SUPEREGO. governed by the reality principle

SUPERGO

acts as the individual’s conscience; it is governed by the moral principles

freud believed

that sexuality begins at birth and described the 5 stages in psychosexual development as oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Havelock Ellis

• one of the first modern affirmers of sexuality

• challenged the view that masturbation was abnormal and argued that masturbation was a positive function; it relieved tension

• documented that women possessed sexual desires no less intense than those of men

• reevaluated homosexuality and insisted that it was not a disease or vice but a congenital condition- he believed that one did not become homosexual- but was born one. 

• his mother told him that every time he masturbated, he was losing a bit of his life force and he would eventually die

Alfred Kinsey

• implemented the first large-scale survey of adult sexual behavior in the United States

• MOST INFLUENTIAL sexuality researcher 

• in 1947 he established the institute for sex research

• he and 3 colleagues interviewed 18,000 subjects to obtain sexual life histories

• famous writings on sexual behavior (1948, 1953) that documented the actual sexual behavior of Americans

three points of masturbation 

• it is harrmless

• it is not a substitute for sexual intercourse but a distinct form of sexual behavior that provides sexual pleasure

• it plays an important role in women’s sexuality because it is a more reliable source of orgasm than heterosexual intercourse

• CONTROVERISAL work 

• had funding sources taken away 

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

• first to bring sexuality into the laboratory.

• known as the “peeping toms” of sexuality research

• in 1954, they started to directly observe and record physiological responses in human engaged in sexual activity under laboratory conditions

• studied the anatomy and physiology of intercourse in the laboratory conditions

• physiologically- the male and female sexual responses are very similar and that women achieve orgasm primarily through clitoral simulation

• they legitimized female masturbation

• developed the first methods for treating sexual problems and opened a sexual therapy clinic in 1995. 

ethical issues associated with sexuality research

informed consent and confidentiality

Vulva

entire female region of external sex organs

mons veneris (pubis)

protective, fatty cushion over the pubic bone; covered with pubic hair

labia majora

outer lips, tissue folds from mons to perinium surrounding the rest of the female genitals; engorge with blood if excited.

perinium

between anus and vagina

labia minora

inner lips; pink tissue folds between vestibule and labia majora; no hair, many oil glands, darken if sexually aroused

vestibule

region between the labia minora; urethral and vaginal openings; bartholin’s glands ducts

Bartholin’s Glands

ducts empty into the vestibule; may produce a genital scent, but don’t produce enough lubrication for sex

clitoris

small cylindrical erectile tissue beneath the prepuce; rich in blood supply and nerve endings; solely to provide sexual pleasure, primarily via indirect stimulation. 

womens prepuce

clitoral hood

clitoris develops

• Develops as the same embryonic tissue as the penis

• Center for sexual arousal

• Internally extends about 1 inch and has erectile tissue that engorges with blood like the penis but does not become erect because of its location

smegma 

sticky like white substance under the clitoral hood

introitus

vaginal opening. this is where there are a lot of pelvic floor muscles

hymen

layer of tissue covering the introitus at birth, typically with an opening; great variation in size and form; may tear and bleed during first intercourse; other activities can cause its degeneration

urethral opening (meatus)

between clitoris and vagina

cystitis

specifically infection in the Blatter

vagina

4 inch, thin-walled flexible, muscular tube that extends from the introitus to the cervix, titled back, aka birth canal

• organ of intercourse (coitus) and passage for sperm, canal for menses and babies

coitus

reproductive sexual intercourse, vaginal sexual intercourse

grafenberg spot

dime to quarter sized spot in the lower third of anterior vaginal wall (2-3 inches up), just past the pubic bone, sensitive area controversy

female ejaculation

powerful orgasms, and expulsion of fluid (up to 4 ounces) due to stimulation of the G-spot in some women; may be Skene’s glands fluid or urine

uterus

1-inch think walls, hollow, pear shaped, muscular organ between the bladder and rectum

• protects fetus; womb

• contractions to expel menses and fetus

• 3 inches long and 2 inches wide

3 uterine wall layers

perimetrium (outside layer), myometrium (middle layer), endometrium (innermost muscular layer)

endometrium

every month during your period you lose this lining, this is also the lining that a fertilized embryo implants into

fundus

top part of the uterus, this is where the fallopian tubes are attached at. also used as a measurement tool when a female is pregnant.

cervix

at the bottom of the uterus- doughnut shaped; secretes mucus to help or impede sperm, depending on the monthly cycle

os

a centimeter or less opening leading into the uterus (to birth a baby you want to be at 10 cm)

ovaries

gonad- produces sex cell (egg, oocyte, ovum). contain about 250,000 ova each, produce estrogen and progesterone

fallopian tubes

oviducts or uterine ducts- two 4-inch long trumpet shaped tubes that extend from the sides of the uterus and curve up to and around the ovaries

isthmus

attached to the uterus

ampulla

typical site of fertilization

infundibulum

has fimbriae (tiny hairlike particles called cilia on each fimbriae) surrounding the ovaries to collect an egg upon release

erogenous zones

any area can be aroused depending on the type of stimulation and the perceptions of the recipient.

breasts

develop at puberty as a result of increasing hormone levels. the reproductive function is lactation.

ovarian cycle

egg develops, ovulation occurs in one ovary each month; alternating from one to the other. At ovulation some women may feel a slight twinge of pain & a very slight bloody discharge.

three phases of ovulation

-follicular- maturation of an egg

-ovulatory- mature egg released from ovary

-luteal- corpus luteum breaks down

menstrual cycle

womb prepared for pregnancy. uterine lining ( endometrium) prepares for pregnancy and is shed if pregnancy does not occur. starts at puberty and ends at menopause.

three phases of menstrual cycle

-menstrual- days 1-5, period, endometrial tissue, blood, and mucous are discharged

-proliferative- days 6-14, endometrium begins to build back up, ends with production of thin clear mucous to facilitate sperm movement

-secretory- days 15-28, endometrium finishes preparation for arrival of fertilized ovum 

menopause

last or ending of menstruation

menarche

1st menstruation period

menses

menstrual flow (endometrial tissue, blood, mucous)

dysmenorrhea

pelvic cramping and pain during the menstrual cycle

amenorrhea

when a woman does not menstruate for reasons other than aging or menopause

hormones

chemical messengers that travel inside the body and complete a variety of tasks

estrogen

produced in ovaries, adrenal glands and placenta. promotes maturation of reproductive organs, development of secondary sex characteristics of puberty, regulates menstrual cycle, sustains pregnancy

progesterone

produced in ovaries and adrenal glands, promotes breast development, maintains uterine lining, regulates menstrual cycle, sustains pregnancy

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

produced in embryo and placenta, helps sustain pregnancy, only created and present in the body when a female is pregnant or recently pregnant

testosterone for women

produced in ovaries and adrenal glands, helps regulate sex drive- libido. no reproduction function in the female

oxytocin

produced in the hypothalamus, stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. pitocin is the synthetic version of this. 

prolactin

produced in pituitary gland, stimulates milk production

penis

organ through which both urine and semen passes

• attached to the male perineum, the diamond shaped region extending from the base of the scrotum to the anus

three main sections of the penis

root- attaches the penis with the pelvic cavity

shaft- body of the penis that hangs free

head- located at the end of the shaft; enlarged area called the glans penis

scrotum

a patch of skin that holds two testicles and hangs at the root of the penis

frenulum 

the underside of the penis is a triangular area of sensitive skin, which attaches the glans to the foreskin 

male prepuce

foreskin

corpora cavernosa

two columns of erectile tissue that extend along the front surface

corpus spongiosum

third column of erectile tissue that runs beneath that corpora cavernosa

testes, testicles, gonads

reproductive glands or gonad located inside the scrotum

-two major functions- sperm production and hormone production

epididymis

the area where sperm mature and are stored

vas deferens

the ducts that carry sperm from the testicles to the urethra for ejaculation. usually the point of sterilization for men

seminal vesicles

secrete a fluid that makes up about 60% of the seminal fluid. sperm mobility and nourishment. two vas deferens connect here

seminiferous tubules

within each testicle around 1000 seminiferous tubules, this is where spermatogenesis occurs. this is where sperm is produced

prostate gland

produces about 30-35% of the seminal fluid. neutralizes acidity in vagina

cowpers gland

(bulbourethral glands) secrete a thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation, (pre-ejaculate) under 1% of fluid comes from this gland. fluid may appear at the tip of an erect penis; its alkaline content may help buffer the acidity within the urethra and provide a more hospitable environment for sperm.

testosterone for men

produced in a man’s testes- regulates sperm production and sex drive, at puberty it causes the penis, testicles, and other reproductive organs to grow. responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics such as pubic, facial, and underarm hair, and for deepening of the voice.

spermatogenesis

each testicle has around 1000 seminiferous tubules. it is within these tubes that sperm production occurs. this process starts at puberty and doesn’t stop unless a testicle is removed, a health issue, or medical intervention

function of semen

to nourish sperm, provide them with a hospitable environment and a means of transport when they deposited inside the vagina

sex of a zygote is produced by

the union of egg and sperm is determined by the chromosomes of the sperm

myotonia

increased muscle tensions

vasocongestion

concentration of blood in the genital area

sex flush

accumulation of blood in areas of the body causing skin to darken

sexual arousal in women

an orgasm during vaginal intercourse for females usually requires more stimulation and takes longer for women to achieve 

sexual arousal for males

typically go through faster resolution than females

orgasm

intensely pleasurable sensation accompanied by the release of muscle tension

-women are more likely to be multi-orgasmic

-men have a refractory period after orgasm or time needed before they can be orgasmic again

excitement phase of sexual response cycle

begins with sexual stimulation that may be physical or psychological

plateau phase of sexual response cycle

sexual tensions grow

orgasmic phase of sexual response cycle

climax or orgasm- all of the muscle tensions build up and blood flow comes to a point that we consider a climax

resolution phase of sexual response cycle

sexual tension is lost and the body returns to the pre-excitement stage ( no matter what- this stage always happens) 

ejaculation 

process by which semen is forcefully expelled from the mans body

two stages of ejaculation

emission- sperm is sent from the epididymis to vas deferens

expulsion- rapid rhythmic contractions of the urethra, the prostate, and the muscles at the base of the penis cause semen to spurt out of the urethral opening

genetic sex

chromosomal and hormonal sex characteristics

anatomical sex

physical sex

gender

femininity, masculinity; social and cultural characteristics associated with a sex refers to behavioral, psychological, and social characteristics of men and women

gender identity

gender a person believes him or herself to be

gender role

a role a person is expected to perform as a result of being female or male in a particular culture; culturally defined behaviors, attitudes, traits, mannerisms, appearances, and occupations that are seen by the culture as appropriate for females and males

gender role stereotype

rigidly held, over generalized- oversimplified belief that males and females possess distinct psychological and behavioral traits: great influence on our thoughts and interactions

assigned gender

gender given at birth based on anatomical appearance