[M2-MAIN] Protocols And Models and Physical Layer

Access method

Determines when someone can send a message.

Addressing

Identifies sender and receiver.

Application Interface

Process-to-process communications between network applications.

AppleTalk

Proprietary suite release by Apple Inc.

Attenuation

The longer the electrical signals have to travel, the weaker they get.

Bandwidth

The capacity at which a medium can carry data.

Bits

The form that a piece of data takes at the Physical layer of the OSI model.

Bits per second (bps)

1 bps = fundamental unit of bandwidth

Broadcast

One to all communication.

Cancellation

Each wire in a pair of wires uses opposite polarity.

Channel

The media that provides for the path of communications to occur.

Coaxial Cable

A type of copper cable that has a single copper conductor at its center.

Data

The form that a piece of data takes at the Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSI model.

Data Encapsulation

The process where protocols add their information to the data.

De-encapsulation

The process of removing protocol information from the data as it passes up the protocol stack.

Decoding

The process of converting information from one form to another.

Default Gateway (DGW)

The router interface IP address that is part of this LAN and will be the “door” or “gateway” to all other remote locations.

Destination

The receiver of a message.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

A broadband communications technology.

Dispersion

The spreading out of a light pulse over time.

Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

Develops standards relating to electrical wiring, connectors, and the 19-inch racks used to mount networking equipment.

Encoding

The process of converting information into another acceptable form for transmission.

Error Detection

Determines if data became corrupted during transmission.

Ethernet

Delivers messages from one NIC to another NIC on the same Ethernet Local Area Network (LAN).

Ethernet Crossover

A type of UTP cable used to connect like devices.

Ethernet Straight-through

A type of UTP cable used to connect a host to a network device.

Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH)

Used to provide always-on broadband services to homes and small businesses.

Flow Control

Manages the rate of data transmission and defines how much information can be sent and the speed at which it can be delivered.

Flow Control

Ensures data flows at an efficient rate.

Frame

The form that a piece of data takes at the Data Link layer of the OSI model.

Gigabits per second (Gbps)

1 Gbps – 1,000,000,000 bps = 10^9 bps

Goodput

The measure of usable data transferred over a given period of time.

Host portion (IPv4) or Interface ID (IPv6)

The remaining part of the address identifies a specific device within the group.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Governs the way a web server and a web client interact.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Dedicated to creating standards in power and energy, healthcare, telecommunications, and networking.

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

Responsible for management and development of internet standards.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

Oversees and manages IP address allocation, domain name management, and protocol identifiers for ICANN.

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

Coordinates IP address allocation, the management of domain names, and assignment of other information.

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Develops, updates, and maintains internet and TCP/IP technologies.

Internet Protocol (IP)

Delivers messages globally from the sender to the receiver.

Internet Protocol Suite or TCP/IP

The most common protocol suite and maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)

A service that provides television programming and other video content using the TCP/IP protocol suite.

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)

Focused on long-term research related to internet and TCP/IP protocols.

Internet Society (ISOC)

Promotes the open development and evolution of internet.

International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)

Defines standards for video compression, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), and broadband communications, such as a digital subscriber line (DSL).

Kilobits per second (Kbps)

1 Kbps = 1,000 bps = 10^3 bps

Latency

Amount of time, including delays, for data to travel from one given point to another.

Long-Haul Networks

Used by service providers to connect countries and cities.

Megabits per second (Mbps)

1 Mbps = 1,000,000 bps = 10^6 bps

Message encoding

The process of converting information into another acceptable form for transmission.

Message formatting and encapsulation

The process of putting a message into a specific format.

Message size

The length of a message.

Message timing

The process of managing the rate of data transmission and defining how much information can be sent and the speed at which it can be delivered.

Multicast

One to many, typically not all communication.

Multimode Fiber

A type of fiber optic cable with a larger core that allows multiple paths for light.

Multiplexing

The processes of taking multiple streams of segmented data and interleaving them together.

Network Access

Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network.

Network Communications

Enable two or more devices to communicate over one or more networks.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Connects a device to the network.

Network portion (IPv4) or Prefix (IPv6)

The left-most part of the address indicates the network group which the IP address is a member.

Network Security

Secure data to provide authentication, data integrity, and data encryption.

Node

A device connected to a network.

Novell NetWare

Proprietary suite developed by Novell Inc.

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols

Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).

Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model

A conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system in seven abstraction layers.

Packet

The form that a piece of data takes at the Network layer of the OSI model.

Protocol

The rules that communications will follow.

Protocol Data Unit (PDU)

The form that a piece of data takes at any layer.

Protocol suite

A group of inter-related protocols necessary to perform a communication function.

Reliability

Provides guaranteed delivery.

Response Timeout

Manages how long a device waits when it does not hear a reply from the destination.

Rollover

A type of UTP cable used to connect a host serial port to a router or switch console port.

Routing

Enable routers to exchange route information, compare path information, and select best path.

Segment

The form that a piece of data takes at the Transport layer of the OSI model.

Segmenting

The process of breaking up messages into smaller units.

Sequencing

Uniquely labels each transmitted segment of data.

Sequencing

The process of numbering the segments so that the message may be reassembled at the destination.

Service Discovery

Used for the automatic detection of devices or services.

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

A type of copper cabling that has a foil shield for each pair of wires.

Single-Mode Fiber

A type of fiber optic cable with a very small core that allows only one path for light.

Source

The sender of a message.

Submarine Cable Networks

Used to provide reliable high-speed, high-capacity solutions capable of surviving in harsh undersea environments at up to transoceanic distances.

TCP/IP Reference Model

A four-layer model that describes the functions of the TCP/IP protocol suite.

Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

Develops communication standards in radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over IP (VoIP) devices, satellite communications, and more.

Terabits per second (Tbps)

1 Tbps = 1,000,000,000,000 bps = 10^12 bps

Throughput

The measure of the transfer of bits across the media over a given period of time.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Manages the individual conversations.

Unicast

One to one communication.

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

The most common networking media.

Voice over IP (VoIP)

A technology that allows you to make voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line.

Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)

Wireless LAN (WLAN) technology.

WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)

Uses a point-to-multipoint topology to provide broadband wireless access.

Wireless Access Point (AP)

Concentrate wireless signals from users and connect to the existing copper-based network infrastructure.

Wireless LAN (WLAN)

A wireless local area network.

Wireless NIC Adapters

Provide wireless communications capability to network hosts.

Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4)

Low data-rate, low power-consumption communications, primarily for Internet of Things (IoT) applications.