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FlashcardsWhat is an experiment?
A test to see if one thing causes a change in another
What is the independent variable?
What the researcher changes on purpose
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36 Terms
What is an experiment?
A test to see if one thing causes a change in another
What is the independent variable?
What the researcher changes on purpose
What is the dependent variable?
What the researcher measures for a change
What are extraneous variables?
Things kept the same so they don’t mix up the results
Name two key features of experiments.
Changing the IV and randomly assigning people
What is a control group?
A group that does not get the treatment
What is an experimental group?
A group that gets the treatment
What is a pre-test?
A test given before the treatment
What is a post-test?
A test given after the treatment
How does a post-test only design work?
One group gets treatment, then both groups take the test once
Why skip the pre-test in a post-test only design?
The control group’s post-test acts as the starting point
How does a pre-test/post-test design work?
Both groups test, only one gets treatment, then both test again
What three comparisons do you make in a pre-test/post-test design?
Treatment vs. control, before vs. after in treatment, before vs. after in control
What was Asch’s line study about?
Seeing if people would pick the wrong answer to match a group
How did Asch set up his study?
One real person mixed with helpers who all gave wrong answers
What did Cepeda et al. test?
If spacing out study time or cramming works better
What was the IV in Cepeda’s study?
Time between study sessions (spaced vs. crammed)
What was the DV in Cepeda’s study?
Students’ test scores
What did Cepeda’s study find?
Spaced study gave higher scores than cramming
What is the Hawthorne Effect?
People change behavior because they know they are watched
How do you fix the Hawthorne Effect?
Use a control group to see if just being watched makes a difference
What is the Experimenter Effect?
Researchers’ hints that change how people act
How do you fix the Experimenter Effect?
Use a double-blind setup so neither side knows who gets the treatment
Name one way to make groups similar.
Randomly assign people to groups
Name another way to make groups similar.
Match people on traits like age or gender
What is a strength of experiments?
They show cause and effect clearly
What is a weakness of lab experiments?
People may act differently in a lab than in real life
What is a natural experiment?
Using a real-world event (like a storm) as the “treatment”
What is a quasi‑experiment?
A study where groups are not made by random choice
Give an example of a natural experiment.
Studying TV’s impact when it came to Inuit towns
Give an example of a quasi‑experiment.
Testing a new school program where classes aren’t randomly picked
What did Gardner & Knowles study?
If a favorite TV character helps or hurts task performance
What happened in the easy task with a TV character?
People did better with a favorite character present
What happened in the hard task with a TV character?
People did worse with a favorite character present
What is internal validity?
How sure we are that the IV caused the DV change
What is external validity?
How well the results apply to everyday life