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What are some common misuses of antibiotics?
Previous antibiotic use, sold without prescriptions, and non therapeutic sistuations
Selective toxicity?
Harm microbe, but not host.
Therapeutic level?
Kills of pathogen
toxic dosage level?
host damage
chemotherapeutic index?
ratio of toxic to host vs therapeutic dosage
Spectrum of activity?
Range of microbes that drugs work against
Cell wall target?
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis (bacteria and fungi)
Cell membrane target?
Disruption of cell membrane function (protists, bacteria, enveloped viruses, fungi helminths
Protein synthesis target?
disrupts txn and translations (bacteria, fungus, protists helminths
What is the role of Anti metabolites?
To disrupts biopathways
What Beta lactans (antibiotics) affect cell wall synthesis?
Penecillian, bacitracin
How does beta lactam inhibit cell wall synthesis?
It binds to the penicillin binding proteins, and the cell bursts
How do bacteria become resistant to Penicillin?
Bacteria can use beta lactamase to break the beta lactam ring
How does Vancomycin inhibit cell wall synthesis?
by interacting with peptidoglycan synthesis (only active against gram-positive)
Gram negative Bacteria Characteristics?
Outer membrane, peptidog, sugar phosphate, tetra peptidoglycan crosslinkers
Gram positive Bacteria Characteristics?
Peptidoglycan, sugar phosphate, tetra peptide cross linkers, periplasm
How are fungal medications taken?
topically
How does fungal medication work?
Increase visocity of membrane, decreased transport
what does Aminoglycosides do?
Block initiation of transcription
Tetracyclines?
Block tRNA
What does Chloramphenicol do?
Prevents peptides
Macrolides?
prevent translocation
What do Lincosamides do?
Prevent initiation of translation
What is the function of Rifampin?
Bind to DNA dependent polymerase
What are metabolites?
Intermediate compounds found in normal metabolic processes. Needed for cell growth and survival
What are anti metabolites?
substances that affect the utilization of metabolites
What are the 2 functions of anti metabolites?
Competitive inhibition and molecular mimicry
Vidarabine and Idoxuridine?
Affects all cells. inhibits thymine kinase
AcyClover, and Valtrex
Affect only viruses
Drug sides affects?
Toxicity, allergy, and microflroa disruption
Ampterrecin?
renal Toxicity
Allergy?
Response to environmental antigens/allergens due to preexisting antibodies
Allergen?
Anitgens that elicit allergic reation
Alteration of target?
genetic mutation changes protein
membrane permeability?
Changes membrane fluidity so drug cant get inside
Alteration of enzyme?
Changes enzyme using co factors, coenzymes, or alosteric alteration
How do bacteria alter their metabolic pathways
By Make their own folic acid, and create a new metabolic pathways
What is Cross resistance?
2 or more similar compounds that no longer work on a organism
synergism?
2 drugs that work together (penicilian, strepomyosin
Quorum sensing?
Regulation of operons
What are 2 methods of determining microbial drug sensitivity?
Disk diffusion, and Drug Dilution,
sereum killing power?
plasma transfer
Ideal drug attributes?
Solubility, resistance acquired slowly, reasonable cost, and long shelf life.
What is Imidazoles
Synthetic fungicide (topical)
What is Griseofulvin?
penicillin mold, and used for superficial fungal infections
What is Tolnaftate used for?
Jock itch
What is Flucytosine used for?
Toenail fungus
What are idoxuridine and trifluridine?
Anti viral analouges
What prevents influenza A?
Amantidine
What is Quinine?
An anti protozoan drug
What is Pyrimehtamine?
An anti protozoan drug that interacts with folic acid and synthesis
What is Nicolsamide?
A drug that interferes with lactic acid release in worms
What is Ivermectin?
Anti helminth drug that binds to glutante chlorine channels
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