Microfinal

What are some common misuses of antibiotics?

What are some common misuses of antibiotics?

Previous antibiotic use, sold without prescriptions, and non therapeutic sistuations

Selective toxicity?

Harm microbe, but not host.

Therapeutic level?

Kills of pathogen

toxic dosage level?

host damage

chemotherapeutic index?

ratio of toxic to host vs therapeutic dosage

Spectrum of activity?

Range of microbes that drugs work against

Cell wall target?

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis (bacteria and fungi)

Cell membrane target?

Disruption of cell membrane function (protists, bacteria, enveloped viruses, fungi helminths

Protein synthesis target?

disrupts txn and translations (bacteria, fungus, protists helminths

What is the role of Anti metabolites?

To disrupts biopathways

What Beta lactans (antibiotics) affect cell wall synthesis?

Penecillian, bacitracin

How does beta lactam inhibit cell wall synthesis?

It binds to the penicillin binding proteins, and the cell bursts

How do bacteria become resistant to Penicillin?

Bacteria can use beta lactamase to break the beta lactam ring

How does Vancomycin inhibit cell wall synthesis?

by interacting with peptidoglycan synthesis (only active against gram-positive)

Gram negative Bacteria Characteristics?

Outer membrane, peptidog, sugar phosphate, tetra peptidoglycan crosslinkers

Gram positive Bacteria Characteristics?

Peptidoglycan, sugar phosphate, tetra peptide cross linkers, periplasm

How are fungal medications taken?

topically

How does fungal medication work?

Increase visocity of membrane, decreased transport

what does Aminoglycosides do?

Block initiation of transcription

Tetracyclines?

Block tRNA

What does Chloramphenicol do?

Prevents peptides

Macrolides?

prevent translocation

What do Lincosamides do?

Prevent initiation of translation

What is the function of Rifampin?

Bind to DNA dependent polymerase

What are metabolites?

Intermediate compounds found in normal metabolic processes. Needed for cell growth and survival

What are anti metabolites?

substances that affect the utilization of metabolites

What are the 2 functions of anti metabolites?

Competitive inhibition and molecular mimicry

Vidarabine and Idoxuridine?

Affects all cells. inhibits thymine kinase

AcyClover, and Valtrex

Affect only viruses

Drug sides affects?

Toxicity, allergy, and microflroa disruption

Ampterrecin?

renal Toxicity

Allergy?

Response to environmental antigens/allergens due to preexisting antibodies

Allergen?

Anitgens that elicit allergic reation

Alteration of target?

genetic mutation changes protein

membrane permeability?

Changes membrane fluidity so drug cant get inside

Alteration of enzyme?

Changes enzyme using co factors, coenzymes, or alosteric alteration

How do bacteria alter their metabolic pathways

By Make their own folic acid, and create a new metabolic pathways

What is Cross resistance?

2 or more similar compounds that no longer work on a organism

synergism?

2 drugs that work together (penicilian, strepomyosin

Quorum sensing?

Regulation of operons

What are 2 methods of determining microbial drug sensitivity?

Disk diffusion, and Drug Dilution,

sereum killing power?

plasma transfer

Ideal drug attributes?

Solubility, resistance acquired slowly, reasonable cost, and long shelf life.

What is Imidazoles

Synthetic fungicide (topical)

What is Griseofulvin?

penicillin mold, and used for superficial fungal infections

What is Tolnaftate used for?

Jock itch

What is Flucytosine used for?

Toenail fungus

What are idoxuridine and trifluridine?

Anti viral analouges

What prevents influenza A?

Amantidine

What is Quinine?

An anti protozoan drug

What is Pyrimehtamine?

An anti protozoan drug that interacts with folic acid and synthesis

What is Nicolsamide?

A drug that interferes with lactic acid release in worms

What is Ivermectin?

Anti helminth drug that binds to glutante chlorine channels