ANAPHY: LESSON 1 - HUMAN ORGANISM

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Anatomy

Scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body

Anatomy

It means to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the body for study

Anatomy

Examines the relationship between structure of a body part and its function

Systemic Anatomy and Regional Anatomy

Two basic approaches to the study of anatomy

Systemic Anatomy

Study of the body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems. It is the approach used in our books and most introductory textbooks.

Regional Anatomy

Study of the organization of the body by areas and all regions, such as the head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously. It is an approach taken in many medical and dental schools.

Surface Anatomy and Anatomical Imaging

Two general ways to examine the internal structures of a living person

Surface Anatomy

Study of external features, such as bony projections, which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures.

Anatomical Imaging

Involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.

Physiology

The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things. It is important in here to recognize structures as dynamic rather than fixed and unchanging.

1. Examine the body’s responses to stimuli

2. Examine the body maintains of stable internal coonditions.

The major goals of physiology

Human Physiology

Study of humans

Cellular Physiology

Focuses on processes inside cells such as the manufacturing of substances, including proteins.

Systemic Physiology

Focuses on the functions of organ systems.

1. Chemical Level

2. Cell Level

3. Tissue Level

4. Organ Level

5. Organ System Level

6. Organism Level

Six Structural Levels of the Body

Chemical Level of Organization

Involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.

Cells

Are the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals.

Organelles

Are the small structures that make up some cells. It carry out particular functions, such as digestion and movement , for the cell.

Tissue

It is a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of it.

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nervous

Tissues that make up the body are classified into four primary types

Organ

A tool. It is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions.

Organ System

A group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions.

1. Integumentary System

2. Skeletal System

3. Muscular System

4. Lymphatic System

5. Respiratory System

6. Digestive System

7. Nervous System

8. Endocrine System

9. Cardiovascular System

10. Urinary System

11. Reproductive System (Female and Male)

Eleven Major Organ Systems

Integumentary System

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

Skeletal System

Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints

Muscular System

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to connective tissue sheets or the skeleton by tendons.

Nervous System

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

Endocrine

A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, gonads, and other tissues that secrete hormones.

Cardiovascular System

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Lymphatic System

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and other lymphatic tissues.

Respiratory System

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs, diaphragm, and respiratory passages.

Digestive System

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other accessory organs.

Urinary System

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder.

Female Reproductive System

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development: produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina mammary glands, and associated structures.

Male Reproductive System

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.

Organism

Is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.

Human Organism

Is a network of organ system that are mutual dependent upon one another.

1. Organization

2. Metabolism

3. Responsiveness

4. Growth

5. Development

6. Reproduction

Six Characteristics of Life

Life

The most important common feature of all organisms.

Organization

Refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.

Metabolism

The is the ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction.

Responsiveness

The ability of an organism to sense changes in the external and internal environment and adjust to those changes.

Growth

Refers to an increase in size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement in all or part of an organism, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells.

Development

Includes the changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending with death.

Differentiation

Involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state.

Reproduction

Formation of new cells or new organisms.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a relatively constant environment.

Homeostasis

Condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life.

Variables

Changes in conditions and these are values that are not constant.

Homeostatic Mechanisms

Such as sweating or shivering, normally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value, or set point.

Negative-feedback Mechanisms

Regulates most systems of the body, which maintain homeostasis.

Negative-feedback Mechanisms

Means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.

Negative-feedback Mechanisms

It does not prevent variation but maintains variation within a normal range

1. Receptor

2. Control Center

3. Effector

Three components of negative-feedback mechanism

Receptor

Monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli.

Control Center

Determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable.

Effector

Can adjust the value of the variable when directed by the control center, usually back toward the set point.

Changed Variable

Is a stimulus because it initiates a homeostatic mechanism

Positive-feedback Mechanisms

Occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.

Anatomical Position

Refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.

Supine

When lying face upward

Prone

When lying face downward

Directional Terms

Describe parts of the body relative to each other

Inferior

Lower or below

Superior

Higher or above

Anterior

To go before or toward the front of the body

Posterior

Posterus, following, or toward the back of the body

Dorsal

Dorsum, back, or toward the back of the body (synonymous with posterior)

Ventral

Venter, belly, or toward the belly (synonymous with anterior)

Proximal

Proximus, near, or closer to a point of attachment

Distal

di + sto, to be distant, or farther from a point of attachment

Lateral

Latus, side, or away from the midline of the body

Medial

Medialis, middle, or toward the middle or midline of the body

Superficial

Superficialis, surface, or toward or on the surface

Deep

Deop, deep, away from the surface, or internal

central region of the body

consists of the head, neck, and trunk.

1. Thorax

2. Abdomen

3. Pelvis

The trunk can be divided into 3 regions

Thorax

is the chest cavity where the heart and lungs are located

Abdomen

contains organs such as the liver, stomach, and intestines

Pelvis

Contains the bladder and reproductive organs

1. Arm

2. Forearm

3. Wrist

4. Hand

The upper limbs is divided into 4 parts

1. Thigh

2. Leg

3. Ankle

4. Foot

The lower limbs is divided into 4 parts

arm

extends from the shoulder to the elbow

forearm

extends from the elbow to the wrist

thigh

extends from the hip to the knee.

leg

extends from the knee to the ankle.

four sections or quadrants

abdomen is often subdivided superficially into two imaginary lines—one horizontal and one vertical—that intersect at the navel

1. Right-upper Quadrant

2. Left-Upper Quadrant

3. Right-lower Quadrant

4. Left-lower Quadrant

Quadrants of the abdomen

Regions

Abdomen is sometimes subdivided into four imaginary lines—two horizontal and two vertical. These four lines create an imaginary tic-tac-toe figure on the abdomen

1. Right Hypochondriac Region

2. Epigastric Region

3. Left Hypochondriac Region

4. Right Lumbar Region

5. Umbilical Region

6. Left Lumbar Region

7. Right Iliac Region

8. Hypogastric Region

9. Left Iliac Region

Regions of the Abdomen

Planes

Useful to describe the body having imaginary flat surfaces

Plane

It divides or sections, the body, making it possible to “look inside” and observe the body’s structures.

sagittal plane

runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts.

sagittal plane

literally means the flight of an arrow and refers to the way the body would be split by an arrow passing anteriorly to posteriorly.

median plane

is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.

transverse plane or horizontal plane

runs parallel to the surface of the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.

frontal plane or coronal plane

runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

longitudinal section

A cut along the length of a organ or through the long axis of the organ

transverse section or cross section

cuts completely through an organ or cuts at a right angle to the long axis

oblique section

it is a cut is made across the long axis at other than a right angle