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Discontinuous Variation
Phenotypes that fall into two or more distinct, nonoverlapping categories.
Continuous Variation
Phenotypes that are distributed from one extreme to another in a continuous, overlapping manner.
Complex Traits
Traits that are controlled by multiple factors rather than a single gene.
Polygenic Traits
Traits controlled by more than one gene.
Multifactorial Traits
Traits influenced by multiple genes as well as environmental factors.
Additive Model
A model predicting effects of individual genes on complex traits, assuming each gene has an equal effect.
Regression to the Mean
The concept explaining that extreme phenotypes tend to be closer to the average in subsequent generations.
Heritability
A measure used to quantify genetic contributions to phenotypic variation.
Concordance
The degree to which both members of a twin pair exhibit the same trait.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
A variation at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals.
Epigenetics
Chemical modifications to DNA or histones that alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.
Threshold Model
A model predicting that genotypes above a certain threshold will express an affected phenotype under specific environmental conditions.
Recurrence Risk
The probability that a genetic disorder will recur in families with a prior affected child.
Phenotypic Variation
Differences in phenotypes among individuals within a population, influenced by genetics and environment.
Twin Studies
Studies comparing the similarity of traits in identical twins to fraternal twins to estimate heritability.
Dizygotic Twins
Twins formed from the fertilization of two eggs, sharing about 50% of their genes.
Genetic Variance
Phenotypic variance in a population attributed to genotypic differences.
Environmental Variance
Phenotypic variance in a population attributed to environmental differences.
Haplotypes
A group of genes inherited together from a single parent that is used in genetic studies.
Obesity as a Multifactorial Trait
Obesity is influenced by multiple genetic factors in conjunction with environmental influences.
Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)
Studies that identify associations between specific genetic variations and particular diseases or traits.
Leptin
A hormone that regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger, which is encoded by the ob gene.
