Congress of Vienna

partner test w/ Allie Annmarie Dowd and Aine Brigid Ouellette!!!🥳

Congress of Vienna

a series of meetings in Vienna to set up policies for security and stability of the entire continent attended by 5 great powers scheduled to last 4 weeks instead lasted 8 months

Five Great Powers

Russia, Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, France

Klemens von Metternich

Foreign minister of Austria, most influential at COV

balance of power

equal distribution of power ensuring no country became too powerful

principle of legitimacy

restoring royals that Napoleon took from power

principle of intervention

Countries given the right to interfere with other countries issues (revolutions etc) to maintain stability

Kingdom of the Netherlands

The Dutch - Ruled over Belgium

Belgium

In 1830, Inspired by France, declared independence from Kingdom of Netherlands with approval from France and England

Alexander I

Russia Czar who doubled the amount of universities, improved conditions in serfs, played key part in defeating Napoleon and created the Holy Alliance

Frederick William III

Prussian King

the Holy Alliance

An alliance between Russia, Prussia, Austria using Christian principles to combat revolution

the Concert of Europe

Alliance created by Metternich stating countries would help each other in the case of revolutions

Louis XVIII

Bourbon King put into power after exile of Napoleon

conservatives

like monarchy

liberals

want some changes

radicals

want major changes, liked democracy

reactionary

want to go back

revolutionary

want to change the political status completely

nationalism

the belief that loyalty isn’t to a king but to a nation built on people who share culture

Germany 1819

College students promote nationalism are shut down by Metternich and Carlsbad decrees

Spain 1820

Liberals who wanted a constitution with Bourbon King stopped by France

Portugal 1820

Liberals who wanted a constitution with Bourbon King stopped by France

Italy 1820

Liberals + nationalists led by Carbonari wanted to unit Italian cities shut down by (Austria)

Greece 1821

Nationalist wanted freedom from Ottoman Empire, got support from the Concert of Europe and gains independence

France 1830

Charles X attempts to restore monarchy leading to riots (aka mini/July revolutions) that end divine rights and puts Louis-Philippe into power

Poland 1830

declare independence from Russia - gains no support allowing to Russia stop it

Italy 1830

Nationalist led by Mazzini attempt to unite Italy but stopped by Austria

France 1848

Paris workers protest against Louis Philippe causing him to flee to England and a new gov to be formed where Louis Napoleon was elected to President through universal male suffrage

Italy 1848

Lombardy, Venetia, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and Piedomnt revolt, success short lived as Austria restores power

Austria 1848

Vienna protest Hapsburg (Metternich) causing him to flee to England and a new legislative assembly to be formed with a new constitution. Conservatives controlled the military and the Liberals struggle to unit as there are too many groups which cause the revolution to end

Prussia/Germany 1848

Reps from German States meet (Frankfurt Assembly) to unify, offering crown to Prussian Emperor who refuses handing them over to Denmark.

Peninsular War

Between Napoleon and Spain

Creoles

people born in Latin America

peninsulares

People born in Spain

the United Nations

??

mulattos

mixed people of European and African descent + enslaved Africans Indians  

Saint Domingue

French colony

Haiti

Where Saint Domingue was meaning mountainous land in the Arawak native language and the first black colony to be freed from Europeon rule

Santo Domingo

spainish colony

Toussaint L’Ouverture

led the revolution in Saint Domingue removed from power by France January 1802 as he was sent to prison in French Alps

Jean-Jaques Dessalines

Declared Haiti an independent country

Ferdinand VII

Spanish King removed from power and replaced with Napoleones brother Joseph in 1808

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan creole who wanted to unite Spanish colonies into 1a country “Gran Colombia”, the area of upper Peru named Bolivia after him

Jose de San Martin

Argentinian liberator who freed Argentina, Chile, Peru

Bernardo O’Higgins

Son of a former viceroy of Peru who joined Jose’s forces to free Chile

Battle of Ayacucho

Wanting to drive Spanish forces out of Lima, Peru Bolivar and Jose joined armies (Bolivar left to lead) defeating Spain forces

Gran Colombia

counties of Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Ecuador

Miguel Hidalgo

priest for village of Dolores who rang the church bell to gather 80,000 followers and issued ideas of rebellion against Spain marching to Mexico City but were stopped 1811

grito de Dolores

When Hidalgo rang church bells and lead revolution

Jose Maria Morelos

took over after Hidalgo’s defeat leading for 4 years

Agustin de Iturbide

defeated Morelos for revolution in 1815 and ironically declares Mexico’s independence from Spain in 1821 and then declares himself as Emperor

United Provinces of Central America

Iturbide overthrown in 1823 and Central America declares independence from Mexico naming it self the United Provinces of Central America (consists of Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica)

King John VI

King of Portugal whose son Dom Pedro ruled Brazil when Brazil signed a petition to become independent

nation-state

A nation with a independent government

the Balkans

Consists of Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Yugoslavia ruled by the Ottoman Empire

Louis Kossuth

president of Hungry??

Charles X

Tried to restore monarchy and the last Bourbon King of France

Louis Philippe

Citizen King and supported liberal reforms

Louis Napoleon

Napoleon’s nephew became Pres. and later took title as Emperor Napoleon III

Nicholas I

Russia Czar who threatened to take over Ottoman Empire in Crimean War but failed due to Russia’s lack of development

Crimean War

Russia lost against France, Great Britian, Sardinia, Ottoman Empire in 1856

Alexander II

Nicholas I’s son moved Russia to modernize and freed serfs. Assassinated 1881 halting reforms

Alexander III

made Czar power stronger while supporting industrialization

German Confederation

Lose grouping of 35 German states beginning in 1815

the Carlsbad Decrees

reactionary policies against the German confederation

the Frankfurt Assembly

When German states attempted to gain independence and unify

Mazzini

led the 1830 revolution in Italy, was then exiled

Carbonari

revolutionist who led the Italian revolution of 1820

Castlereagh

Represents Britain at COV

Hardenberg

Represented Prussia at COV

Talleyrand

represented France at COV