[BIO 120.3] Group 1 - Influenza, Group 3 - Rubella and RSV

Rubivirus genus, Togavirus family

Rubella is from what genus and family?

Hemagglutinin proteins on surface
Spherical
Positive sense RNA
Respiratory transmission

What are the similarities of Measles (Rubeola) and German Measles (Rubella)?

Envelope glycoproteins (E1, E2), Capsid, Can cross placenta

What are the virulence factors of Rubella?

E1

Rubella VF: For viral hemagglutination and neutralization

E2

Rubella VF: Support for E1

Maculopapular

How can we describe the rash that occurs for Rubella patients?

TRUE

T/F: The fever that is observable in Rubella is low-grade

FALSE

T/F: The fever that is observable in Rubella is high-grade

Rubella

What virus causes polyarthralgia or arthritis symptom in adults?

TRUE

T/F: Prodrome pre-rash symptom is rare for Rubella among children

FALSE

T/F: Prodrome pre-rash symptom is common for Rubella among children

Direct or droplet contact, Transplacental

What are 2 modes of transmission of Rubella?

Nasopharynx, regional lymph nodes

Where does Rubella virus replicate in the body?

Congenital Rubella Syndrome

Rubella CF characterized by cataracts, heart defects, and deafness

TRUE

T/F: Humans are the only known reservoir of Rubella virus

FALSE

T/F: Rubella can also be transmitted to animals and insects

TRUE

T/F: Rubella is the most contagious when the rash first appears

FALSE

T/F: Rubella is the most contagious before the rash appears

7 days before to 7 days after rash onset

When does Rubella virus shedding occur?

TRUE

T/F: Like Rubeola, Rubella is mostly treated through managing symptoms such as through giving Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, and Naproxen

FALSE

T/F: Unlike Rubeola, Rubella has a vaccine treatment

TRUE

T/F: The best course of action for Rubella is prevention via vaccination

Attenuated vaccine containing R27/3 strain of Rubella virus

Describe the vaccine for Rubella prevention

First dose: 12-15 months
Second dose: 4-6 years

When are the 2 doses of Rubella vaccine administered?

TRUE

T/F: Rubella is not true measles

FALSE

T/F: Rubella is considered as true measles

Orthopneumovirus

From what genus is RSV?

Negative sense, single stranded RNA

Describe the genome of RSV

G, F, SH

What are 3 integral membrane proteins of RSV?

Attachment

Function of G protein of RSV?

Fusion

Function of F protein of RSV?

F and G

What proteins form the spike-like projections in RSV?

M protein

What protein functions for virus assembly in RSV?

Bronchiolitis

Severe RSV may progress to?

TRUE

T/F: Like Rubella, humans are the only reservoir host for RSV

FALSE

T/F: Unlike Rubella, RSV can also be transferred to animal hosts

3-8 days after exposure

People with RSV are contagious for how many days after exposure?

RSV

Virus that infects almost every child before 2 years of age

4 weeks

Some infants and others with weakened immune systems are contagious for as long as ___

TRUE

T/F: RSV infection does not lead to long-term immunity and reinfection may occur in the upper respiratory tract

FALSE

T/F: RSV infection does not lead to long-term immunity and reinfection may occur in the lower respiratory tract

FALSE

T/F: RSV infection leads to a long term immunity, so you cannot get reinfected again

RSV

Cases of this virus is observed to correlate with declining temperatures

Winter months in US, Rainy season in tropical climates

When is the usual peak season for RSV?

TRUE

T/F: RSV treatment focuses on managing symptoms such as through paracetamol or ibuprofen administration for fever reduction

FALSE

T/F: RSV has a treatment in addition to symptom management

TRUE

T/F: RSV prevention involves vaccination among adults and monoclonal antibodies among infants

FALSE

T/F: RSV prevention involves vaccination among adults and infants

Nirsevimab

Injectable monoclonal antibody for infants against RSV

TRUE

T/F: Nirsevimab provides immediate but short term protection against severe RSV infection

FALSE

T/F: Nirsevimab provides immediate and long term protection against severe RSV infection

Orthoxyviridae

From what family is the Influenza virus?

Type A

What type of Influenza is the most common?

Type C

What type of Influenza is characterized by less severe symptoms?

Type A

What type of Influenza has subtypes that are determined by H and N protein mutation?

Hemagglutinin (H)

Influenza Protein: Facilitates binding of virus to cell surface receptors

Hemagglutinin (H)

Influenza Protein: Causes clumping of blood

Neuraminidase (N) or Sialidase

Influenza Protein: Required for release of virions from host cells

1-4 days post-exposure

How long is the incubation period for Influenza virus?

TRUE

T/F: For influenza, adults can spread the virus 1 day before the symptoms appear

FALSE

T/F: For influenza virus, adults can spread the virus starting from when the virus appears

3-4 days after infection

When is Influenza virus most contagious?F

Flu

One of the most common infectious diseases globally that is caused by Influenza, with around 20-40 M people catching the disease during its seasonJ

June to November

When is the flu season in the Philippines?

TRUE

T/F: Influenza A can also infect animals

FALSE

T/F: Influenza A can only infect humans

FALSE

T/F: Influenza B can infect animals

Pneumonia

Inflammation of the lungs accompanied by bacterial infection

TRUE

T/F: Flu can turn into bronchitis when influenza virus affects the lower respiratory tract

FALSE

T/F: Flu can turn into bronchitis when influenza virus affects the upper respiratory tract

Influenza

What virus has annual vaccination recommended?

Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (IIV), Recombinant Inactivated Vaccine (RIV), Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV)

What are 3 formulations of influenza vaccine available?

Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV)

Which influenza vaccine formulation is contraindicated in pregnant women, immunosuppressed, and children younger than 2 years?

Neuraminidase inhibitors, Cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitors

What are the 2 categories of antiviral drugs against influenza?

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
Zanamivir (Relenza)
Peramivir (Rapivab)

What are the 3 NA inhibitors that are approved as antiviral drugs for influenza?

Coronavirus

A large family of viruses that cause mild to moderate upper respiratory tract illnesses

TRUE

T/F: Coronavirus is a large family of viruses that cause mild to moderate upper respiratory tract illnesses

FALSE

T/F: Coronavirus is a large family of viruses that cause moderate to severe upper respiratory tract illnesses

FALSE

T/F: Coronavirus is a large family of viruses that cause mild to moderate lower respiratory tract illnesses

SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2

What are the 3 major variants of Coronavirus

M Protein

Coronavirus Protein: Viral assembly and packaging

Envelope Protein

Coronavirus Protein: Viral assembly and release

Nucleocapsid Protein

Coronavirus Protein: Hides viral RNA from immunodetection

Spike Protein

Coronavirus Protein: Facilitate viral fusion into cells

ACE2 Receptors

What receptors are targeted by the spike proteins of COVID-19?

Distinct furin cleavage site between the S1 and S2 domains of S protein

What observation in COVID-19 has been correlated with its increased infections?

2-14 days

How long is the incubation period for Coronaviruses?

1-2 days before symptoms and 3-5 days after symptoms start

When does Coronavirus spread?

5-7 days after infection

When is coronavirus the most contagious?

10 days from symptom onset

When does contagiousness of Coronavirus decrease?

SARS

Respiratory illness that spread in many countries between the 2002-2003 outbreak

MERS

A viral illness first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012

12 months

When is revaccination recommended for COVID-19?

TRUE

T/F: there is no treatment that can act specifically against SARS-CoV-2

FALSE

T/F: there are treatments that can act specifically against SARS-CoV-2

Nirmatrelvir or Ritonavir

Treatment for high risk, non-hospitalized patients

Nirmatrelvir or Ritonavir

Treatment given for mild to moderate COVID-19

Remdesivir

Treatment given to hospitalized COVID-19 patients

Remdesivir

Treatment given for moderate to severe COVID-19

Tocilizumab

IL-6 inhibitor treatment against COVID-19