BIOL 324 Final Exam Review (recent material)

characteristics of progymnosperms

one main axis with elaborate branching, bifacial vascular cambium

What does bifacial vascular cambium give rise to

secondary xylem and phloem

key characteristics of aneurophyton type progymnos

microphylls instead of leaves

lobed protostele

homosporus

key characteristics of archaeopteris type progymnos

megaphylls

eustele evolved here

secondary growth

homo/heterosporus

telome

Dichotomously branched stem

overtopping

some branches became smaller and dominant

planation

lateral branches alignedm flattened, 1 plane

webbing

parenchyma leaf lamina

what steps were involved for the transition from telomes to leaves

overtopping->planation->webbing

T/F: All seed plants are heterosporous

true

what are the two groups of seed plants

gymnosperms and angiosperms

what developments were necessary for the evolution of the seed

heterospory, endosporic megagametophyte, increased resources for female/decreased for males, retention of megagametophyte on sporophyte

what is retained in seed plants

female gametophyte in sporangium on sporophyte

what is the male microsporangium?

pollen sac

were does the male microsporangium develop

sporophyte

what is the male microsporangium mainly composed of

diploid microspore mother cells

microgametophyte

pollen grain

how is the microgametophyte dispersed?

from the parent

pollination

transfer of pollen grains from pollen sac to ovule

T/F the pollen tube needs water to transport pollen

false

what is early embryogeny characterized by

free nuclear divisions

what is the seed

mature ovule containing the embryo

benefits of a seed

protective coating to prolong survival, easily transported, food store, can wait for optimal germination conditions

coniferophyta leaves

endodermis, sunken stomata, small surface/volume ratio

pollination mechanisms coniferophyta

pollination drop

pollen captured by integument

pollen captured outside ovule

ovule development in pinaceae

diploid mother cell-> meiosis -> 4 megaspores -> 3 degenerate -> 1 functional megaspore -> free nuclear divisions-> cell wall formation -> megagametophyte

fertilization

occurs after pollination, formation of zygote

pinacea fertilization

pollen germinates in microphyle, pollen tube grows between neck cells, discharges contents into archegonium, larger male gamete fuses with egg nucleus and 2nd male gamete and other nuclei degenerate

embryogeny in pinnacea

zygote undergoes 2 free nuclear divisions

Polyembryony

1 embryo per ovule

simple polyembryony

one embryo from each of several archegonia, embryos are genetically different

cleavage polyembryony

columns of cells in proembryo split (4 embryos per archegonium all are genetically identical)

Histodifferentiation

late embryo

what ploidy is dominant in conifer life cycles

diploid

what type of life cycle does pinus go through

alternation of generations

conifer families

pines, spruce, douglas fir, hemlock, true firs

pines 3 groups

hard (2 leaf)

hard (3 leaf)

soft (5 leaf)

2 leaf hard pines

lodgepole pine, jack pine

3 leaf hard pine

ponderosa pine

5 leaf soft pine

western white pine

spruces of bc

white, engelmann, black, sitca

what defines a true fir

upright, woody cones with deciduous scales

hemlock needles

uneven

larches needles

deciduous with short shoots

cupressaceae leaves

scale like

junipers strobuli

fleshy

western red cedar elevation

low

yellow cypress elevation

high

t/f western red cedars and yellow cypruss' have scale like leaves

true

podocarpaceae

winged pollen , dioecious

T/f anthophytes are not the most derived and diverse phyla

false

what is the reproductive structure of an angiosperm

flower

fruit

mature ovary containing seed

what does angiosperm mean

seed in a vessel

T/F gametophytes highly reduced in angiosperms

true

number of cells in the male gametophyte in angiosperms

3

number of cells in female gametophyte in angiosperms

8 or 4

five unique features of angiosperms

fruit/flower

gametophytes

double fertilization and formation of endosperm

sieve tube elements in phloem

vessels in xylem

receptacle

point of attachment

stalk

peduncle

calyx

sepals, protect flower bud

corolla

petals, attract pollinators

calyx + corolla = ?

perianth

stamens

anther and filament, produce pollen and stalk

carpel

stigma style ovary

stigma

catches pollen grains

style

elevates stigma

ovary

contains ovules, may be divided into locules

what is the ovule enclosed in

female sporophyte tissue

ovule

central nucleus

integument

micropyle

enclosed by ovary

inflorescence

how flowers are grouped together

monocot features

one cotyledon

parallel veins

petals in 3 or multiples of 3

scattered bundles of vascular tissue

pollen grain has one pore or furrow

dicot features

two cotyledons

floral parts in 4 or 5

netlike leaf veins

pollen grain has three pores or furrows

stem vascular bundle in a ring

flower variation (4 ways)

number and fusion of carpels

missing parts

relative position of flower parts

symmetry

pistil

female structure formed from greater than one carpel

advantages of a compound pistil

one stigma with insects

one pollination event can service all carpels

one structure for pollen selection

even distrubution of pollen tubes among carpels

perfect flower

both stamens and carpels

imperfect flowers

either stamens or carpels missing

complete flower

A flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

incomplete flower

A flower in which one or more of the four basic floral organs such as sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels are either absent or nonfunctional.

hypogynous ovary

superior

perigynous ovary

superior

epigynous ovary

inferior

two symmetry types

radial or bilateral

characteristics of the common ancestor among flowering plants

lacked flowers and closed carpels

most likely gymnosperm

flowering plants are?

monophyletic

most ancient flowering plant

archefructus

archefructus characteristics

semi aquatic, no petals, seed pods, fern like leaves

where flowering plants originated

paleotropics 0-30 degrees n&s

megasporophylls gave rise to?

carpel

theory is that the flower evolved from?

leaf like compressed fertile branches

microsporophyll gave rise to?

stamen

microsporangia gave rise to?

pollen sac

placenta

where ovules attach to ovary, fusion line in primitive carpels

placentation

arrangement of placenta

sepals evolved from

leaves

petals 2 theories of evolution

1. from sepals

2. from stamens

what was the driving force in flower evolution

association with pollinators

flower evolution trends

reduction and differentiation of tissues

position of ovary changed from superior to inferior

ancestral ovary

superior