Crime and Punishment - 18th and 19th Centuries

What was the crime of secretly importing or exporting goods called?

Smuggling

How was smuggling viewed by the public?

Not a real crime

What was the role of the venturer?

Head of operations

What was the role of the spotsman?

Brought the ship to the correct location

What was the role of the lander?

Made contact with the ship

What was the role of the tubsmen?

Carried heavy tubs

What was the role of the batsmen?

Hired thugs to provide 'muscle'

When was William Owen at peak operation?

1720s and 1730s

What did William Owen smuggle?

Brandy and salt

When was William Owen executed?

1747

When did Sion Cwilt operate?

Mid-eighteenth century

How long were the Lucas family involved in smuggling?

200 years

Where did William Arthur's smuggling gang base themselves?

Brandy Cove

What 1718 act was passed to ban small vessels from waiting within six miles of the shore?

Hovering Act

What did the Act of Indemnity of 1936 introduce for injuring preventative officers?

Death penalty

What was offered if a smuggler revealed names of other smugglers?

Pardon

What did the Committee of Enquiry conclude was the cause of smuggling?

High custom duties

What was the duty on tea cut from and to in 1784?

119% to 12.5%

What were built in France that made smuggling harder?

Martello towers

When was the coast guard established?

1820s

What quality of roads encouraged the development of highway robbers?

Unpoliced

What did highwaymen have that footpads didn't?

Horses

What did highwaymen tend to operate in?

Groups

How did footpads operate?

Alone

Who did footpads target?

Pedestrians

What vehicle did highwaymen usually target?

Stage coaches

Which two areas were renowned for being targeted by highway men?

Hounslow Heath and Finchley Common

What happened with the actions of highwayman, Dick Turpin?

Romanticised by a novel

When was Dick Turpin executed?

1739

What did turnpike roads have that led to a reduction in highway robberies?

Manned tollgates

Between 1688 and 1815, the number of crimes with the death penalty rose from 50 to how many?

225

What was the name for the increase in crimes bearing the death penalty?

Bloody Code

What concept led to the development of the Bloody Code

Retribution

Where did hangings take place in London?

Tyburn

How many people were hung at Tyburn between 1703 and 1792?

1,232

What percentage of people executed at Tyburn were below the age of 21?

90%

How many people attended the execution of Jack Shepard in 1724?

200,000

Out of the 35,000 death sentences handout between 1770 and 1830 what percentage were actually hanged?

20%

Which act introduced transportation to Virginia, Maryland and the West Indies?

Act of 1678

Which act enabled convicts to choose transportation over other punishments?

1717 Transportation Act

Between 1718 and 1776, how many convicts were sent to America?

30,000

Why did transportation to America end in 1776?

American War of Independence

What was a prison hulk?

Disused ship that served as an emergency prison

Between how 1776 and 1778, what percentage of prisoners onboard hulks died?

25%

Which country became the main destination for transportation after 1787?

Australia

How many convicts were sent to Australia between 1787 and 1868?

160,000

How many Welsh criminals were transported to Australia?

2,200

How many transportation ships were being sent to Australia annually by the 1820s?

5

What were some lesser skilled people transported to Australia made to work in?

Labour gangs

What was being set free but not being allowed to return to Britain known as?

Conditional pardon

What was being set free and being allowed to return to Britain known as?

Absolute pardon

What was the name of the Welsh woman who was transported for stealing freshly ironed laundry?

Frances Williams

Transportation ended because it was deemed too what?

Expensive

What did the Australians show towards transportation?

Resentment

When did the last convict ship leave Britain for Australia?

1867

When did transportation officially end?

1868

What was the humiliation of a criminal by dressing them as a woman and parading them around on a ladder called?

Ceffyl Pren

What was the name for the group of people who made a living by tracking down criminals and collecting the rewards?

Thief takers

Who were the two most famous thief takers?

Charles Hitchen and Johnathan Wild

What was the name for a unformed security guard who watched over shops in the Burlington Arcade?

Beadles

Who wrote the article 'An Enquiry into the Later increase of Robbers etc.'?

Henry Fielding

What was the name of the journal Henry Fielding established?

The Convent Garden Journal

What was the name of the force of law officers established by Henry Fielding?

Bow Street Runners

What was the Bow Street Runners' motto?

'Quick notice and sudden pursuit'

When did Henry Fielding die?

1754

Who took over after Henry Fielding's death?

John Fielding

Which paper did John Fielding establish in 1772?

The Quarterly Pursuit

What was The Quarterly Pursuit later renamed?

The Public Hue and Cry

Which 1792 act extended the Bow Street Runners?

Middlesex Justices Act

When was the Thames River Police established?

1798

How many Bow Street Runners were there by 1800?

68

What concept did the Fielding brothers' work develop?

Preventative policy

By the 1860s, what percentage of serious offenders went to prison?

90%

The shift in using prisons as punishment displayed the attitude change from deterrent to what?

Reform

What did gaolers do in privately owned prisons?

Charge inmates for necessities

What stopped occurring that increased the population of prisons?

Transportation

Who became High Sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1773?

John Howard

Where did John Howard travel to examine prisons?

Europe

What percentage of inmates were found to have committed a serious crime in John Howard's 1776 survey?

25%

What was the title of John Howard's 1777 book?

The State of the Prisons in England and Wales

Who acted upon John Howard's suggestions?

Alexander Popham

What did the Gaol Fever Bill improve in prisons?

Hygiene

What did Alexander Popham's second bill ensure?

Abolition of release fee

Which Welsh prison did Howard declare to be especially derelict?

Caernarvon County Jail

Which prison reformer wrote 'Thoughts on the Alarming Progress of Jail Fever'?

George O. Paul

Which act did George O. Paul ensure the passing of?

Gloucestershire Prison Act of 1785

Which three requirements did George O. Paul think prisons should meet?

Security, health and separation

Who worked as an architect for the new prisons?

William Blackburn

Which prison reformer worked with a focus on women?

Elizabeth Fry

Which prison did Elizabeth Fry visit in 1813 and deemed it 'overcrowded' and 'filthy'?

Newgate Prison

What organisation did Elizabeth Fry establish in 1817?

Association for the Improvement of Women Prisoners in Newgate

What did Fry's Ladies' Prison Committees do?

Helped make changes in prisons

Who was employed at Newgate following guidance?

Female wardens

What was introduced for women and their children at Newgate thanks to Fry's work?

Schools

There were 500,000 people living in London in 1700, but what happened to this figure by 1800?

Doubled

What was poor during the 1700s that pushed people from rural areas?

Harvests

What feature of industrial jobs had an especially large impact on attracting ex-agricultural workers?

Full-time

What did the influx of people in industrial towns cause?

Overpopulation

What impact did overpopulation have on housing?

Poorer quality

What impact did overpopulation have on crime rates?

Rose