Bio, Quiz #1

Atom

Basic Unit of Matter, Ex. Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

Molecules

Two or more atoms of the same element, Ex. Methane

Tissue

A group of cells with a common function, tissues often contain many cell types and cell structures are specialized for thier functions

Organ

A group of tissues functioning together

Energy

The capacity to do work

Ultimate Source of Energy

Sun

Energy is Slowly lost as What

Heat

Homeostasis

Balancing and Regulation of the body, Ex. Temp.

Living Things are Primarily Composed of what 4 Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (CHON)

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

+ Charge

Neutral Charge

- Charge

Atomic Number

Top, Smaller Number = Number of Protons

Atomic Symbol

Middle Letter, Ex. C

Atomic Mass

Bottom, Sum of Protons and Neutrons, Average of all isotopes of an Atom

Isotopes

An Atom of an Element that has the same atomic number, but the number of neutrons varies slightly

Hydrogen Likes to Make How Many Bonds?

1 Bond

Oxygen Likes to Make How Many Bonds

2 Bonds

Carbon Likes to Make How Many Bonds?

4 Bonds

Nitrogen Likes to Make How Many Bonds?

3 Bonds

Organic Molecules contain what 2 elements

Carbon and Hydrogen

Covalent

Electrons are Being Shared

Ionic

Electron Stealing

Non-polar Covalent Bonds

Electrons are Shared between atoms with low electronegativity

Symmetry within a molecule can cancel polarity and can cause the molecule to be non-polar

Hydrogen Chains are Non-polar

Hydrogen Bonds

Non-Covalent, Weak individually but strong together

Carbon —— Hydrogen

What Happens when water Ionizes

It releases equal amounts of Hydronium (H3O+) Ions and Hydroxide (OH-) Ions

pH Scale

7 = Neutral

Below 7 = Acidic

Above 7 = Basic

Each Step Between the scale is 10x Difference in ion concentration

What do Buffers Do?

They prevent big pH Swings by taking up excess H+ or OH-

Functional Group

Hydroxyl

OH-

Functional Group

Carbonyl

C Double Bonded to O

Functional Group

Carboxyl

C Double Bonded to O with an OH-

Functional Group

N Bonded with 2 H

Amino

Functional Group

S and H

Sulfhydryl

Functional Group

P Double Bonded with O with OH-

Phosphate

Dehydration Reactions

To Build

Water Molecules are removed from a Bond

Hydrolysis Reaction

To Break Down

Break Bonds by Adding Water Molecules to them

lys = To Break

Sacchar

Sugar (Hexagons in Bio)

Monosaccharide

One Sugar C6H12O6

Building Block of Carbohydrates

Disaccharide

Two Sugars

Polysaccharide

Many Sugars

2+

Glucose Chemical Formula

C6H12O6

Polysaccharides Functions

Plants = Stores Glucose as Starch

Humans = Stores Glucose as Glycogen in the liver

Cellulose = Plant Cell Walls

Chitin = Found in fungal cell walls

Lipids

Energy Dense

Used for Insulation

Hormone Synthesis, Ex. Testosterone

Non-Polar

Fatty Acids

Building Blocks of Lipids

3 Types of Fatty Acids

Saturated FAs

Unsaturated FAs

Trans FAs

What makes Saturated FAs Unique

They Lack C-H Double Bond

What makes Unsaturated FAs Unique

They have C-H Double Bonds

What Makes Trans FAs Unique

They Contain at least on bond in trans configuration (H atoms are on the opposite sides)

Triglycerides Function

How our Bodies store a majority of fat (Long Term Energy)

Phospholipids

Fatty Acids are attached to phosphate group

Amphipatic (Nonpolar Tails and Polar Head)

Steroids Composition and Function

Skeleton of 4 Fused Carbon Rings

Cholesterol is used as a precursor to make things like Testosterone and Estrogen

Amino Acids Composition and Function

Proteins, Connected with Peptide Bonds

Polypeptide chains are chains of amino acids, used to make proteins

Primary Structure

Polypeptide Chain

Secondary Structure

Alpha Helix

Amino Acids Hydrogen Bonding to each other

Tertiary Structure

Amino Acid Side Chain Interactions

Non polar → Non polar

Polar → Polar

Likes Dissolve Likes

Quaternary Structure

Combines Tertiary Structures

DNA Composition

AGTC, Adenine Guanine Thymine and Cytosine

C and T are Pyrimidines

A and G are Purines

RNA Composition

AGCU, Adenine Guanine Cytosine, Uracil

C and U are Pyrimidines

A and G are Purines

Function of DNA and RNA

To Store and Carry Genetic Information

ATP Composition

Adenosine Triphosphate, Adenine Base + Ribose Sugar + 3 Phosphates

Name and Function

Glucose/Monosaccharide

Gets converted to ATP during Cellular respiration

Disaccharide

Name and Function

Polysaccharide

Found in Cellulose (plant cell walls) and Chitin

H Bonded

Saturated Fatty Acid- Lacks the C-H Double Bond

Unsaturated Fatty Acid - Has a C-H Double Bond

Function and Name

Triglyceride - Contains 3 Fatty Acids Bound to a Glycerol Molecule

Stores the Majority of Fat (Long term energy)

Function and Name

Phospholipid

Makes up the Plasma Membrane of Cells

Amphipathic

Function, Composition, and Name

Steroid

Skeleton fused of 4 Carbon Rings

Cholesterol is used as a precursor to make Several Steroids like Testosterone and Estrogen

Primary Structure

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure

Quaternary Structure

What Group are these in?

Pyrimidines

What Group are these in?

Purines