BIOL 2444 Microbiology Exam 1 - UTA Tholen

Leeuwenhoek

1670's; father of modern microbiology; first to observe living cells

Louis Pasteur

discovered pasteurization: disproves spontaneous with swan neck experiment

Linnaeus

father of taxonomy and binomial nomenclature; animals, plants, minerals

Koch

Proved that microorganisms can cause disease, germ theory, father of micro

Robert Hooke

1665; first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.

Ernst Haeckel

morphology of organisms; adds protista and monera to tree

Robert Whittaker

added Fungi as a fifth kingdom of eukaryotic microbes

John Snow

father of epidemiology; traced chlorea outbreak to a well in london

Joseph Lister

discovered how antiseptics prevented infection and first to use in surgery

John Needham

found spontaneous to be possible as things still grew in boiled uncovered broth; disproved by others

Ignaz Semmelweis

advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of disease

Francesco Redi

disproved spontaneous with rotting meat and maggots; one jar covered = no maggots, one open = maggots, one gauze covered = maggots but not on meat

early ideas of contagion and disease

it was roughly known of, see leper colonies, but often said supernatural; greeks called sickness miasma and knew that those sick could spread it

Domains of Life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Taxonomic Units

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Rules of binomial nomenclature

Genus name then species name, shown in italics, abbreviated (L. sapiens) earliest public name from 1753

cellular microbes

fungi, protists, bacteria, archaea, helminths

acellular microbes

viruses and prions

Bacterial Stains - Gram

crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer, and safranin O

Bacterial Stains - Acid-Fast

used to detect organisms that do not stain well (ex: mycobacterium)

Bacterial cellular morphology

coccus - circular, bacillus - rod, vibrio - curved rod, coccobacillus - short rod, spirillum - spiral, spirochete - loose spiral

Bacterial cellular arrangement

diplo- pair, strepto- chain, staphylo- cluster, tetiad- four in a square

Subfields of Microbiology

bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, parasitology, virology, immunology

Sizes of euk cell

80S, 70S in mito and chloro

size of pro cell

70S

Basic Stain

positively charged, cells absorb

Acidic Stain

negatively charged, cells repel

Bacterial Smear Prep

fixation; specimen liquefied, smeared on glass, gently heated till evaporated

Gram staining: steps and purpose

distinguish cell wall structures; heat fix smear, primary stain (crystal violet), mordant (iodine), decolorizer (alcohol), counter stain (safranin)

acid fast stain: steps and purpose

distinguish cell wall components; heat fix, primary stain (carbolfuschin), decolorizer, counter stain (methylene blue)

endosperm stain: steps and purpose

distinguish presence of endospore structures; heat fix, primary stain (malachite green), mordant (steam), decolorizer (water), counter stain (safranin)

properties of a wave

wavelength, amplitude, frequency

long waves mean

low frequency and energy

electromagnetic spectrum

All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

total magnification

objective lens x ocular lens (40x * 10x = 400x)

parts and function of a light microscope

learn it

SEM (scanning electron microscope)

Scans a beam of electrons across the surface of the specimen.

TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope)

used to study parts inside of a cell; only dead cells can be observed

factors affecting resolution

wavelength and numerical aperture

spontaneous generation

Hypothesis stating that life could arise from nonliving matter.

endosymbiotic theory

theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Procaryotic cells

single cellular; lack a nucleus; no membrane organelles; 70S

archea cells

histones; flagella/cilia microtubules; ether-linked; bi and mono

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus; histones; membrane-bound organelles; flagella/cilia of microtubules; ester-linked; 80S

bacteria cells

no histones; ester-linked; flagella w flagellin protien

gram negative cell walls

2 plasma, 1 cell wall; inner and outer membrane; thin peptidoglycan; lps; nag and nam connect directly

Gram positive cell wall

1 plasma, 1 cell wall; thicker peptidoglycan; teichoic acids; nag and nam connect through bonds

endospores are...

the dormant form of a cell; mark of sterilization

flagella movement in bacteria

clockwise - tumble; counter-clockwise - running