Atomic Structure and Electronic Configuration Lecture Review

Comprehensive practice flashcards for Atomic Structure and Electronic Configuration, generated directly from lecture slides.

Who is identified as the science teacher in the lecture slides on Atomic Structure?

Mr. Fernandes

What three subatomic particles compose the overall structure of an atom?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

Where are protons and neutrons located within an atom?

In the nucleus

What are the relative mass and charge of a proton?

1 mass unit and a +1 charge

What are the relative mass and charge of a neutron?

1 mass unit and 0 charge

Where are electrons located in an atom, and what are their relative mass and charge?

In the outer shells (electron shells); "0" mass units and a -1 charge

What specific feature in the atomic structure sets apart one chemical element from another?

The number of protons in the nucleus

What does the atomic number ($Z$) refer to?

The number of protons in the nucleus

How is atomic mass ($A$) calculated in terms of subatomic particles?

$$\text{Atomic mass} = \text{\# of protons} + \text{\# of neutrons}$$

Why is the mass of electrons not included when determining the basic atomic mass?

The mass of electrons is negligible

In standard atomic representation $^A_Z X$, what do $A$ and $Z$ represent?

$A$ represents the atomic mass (mass number) and $Z$ represents the atomic number

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in a neutral Carbon-14 atom ($^{14}_6 \text{C}$)?

6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in a neutral Chlorine-35 atom ($^{35}_{17} \text{Cl}$)?

17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 17 electrons

How many protons are present in an Europium atom represented as $^{153}_{63} \text{Eu}$?

63 protons

How many neutrons are present in an Uranium atom represented as $^{233}_{92} \text{U}$?

141 neutrons

What are isotopes?

Atoms with the same number of protons (and thus of the same element), but with a different number of neutrons

How are isotopes of the same element differentiated in name and notation?

By their respective mass numbers (for example, Chlorine-35 and Chlorine-37)

Besides isotopes, what two other similar concepts regarding atomic species are mentioned?

Isotones and Isobars

What two properties must be taken into account to calculate an element's average atomic mass (atomic weight)?

Each isotope's mass and its natural abundance

What is the general formula for calculating average atomic mass ($m_{\text{average}}$)?

$$m_{\text{average}} = (m_1 \cdot \%A_1) + (m_2 \cdot \%A_2) + (m_3 \cdot \%A_3) + \dots$$

What are the percent abundances of the two naturally occurring isotopes of Chlorine shown in the lecture?

Chlorine-35 ($^{35}\text{Cl}$) is 75.76% and Chlorine-37 ($^{37}\text{Cl}$) is 24.24%

What is the average atomic mass of Chlorine given in the periodic table example?

$$35.45300\,\text{u}$$

What are the natural percent abundances of Neon-20, Neon-21, and Neon-22?

Neon-20 is 90.48%, Neon-21 is 0.27%, and Neon-22 is 9.25%

What is the calculated average atomic mass of Neon provided in the periodic table example?

$$20.17970\,\text{u}$$

What is the average atomic mass of naturally occurring Rhenium (Re)?

$$186.21\,\text{amu}$$

What are the given isotopic masses of Re-185 and Re-187 in the Rhenium sample problem?

Re-185 has a mass of 184.95 amu and Re-187 has a mass of 186.96 amu

What analytical technique is used to determine isotopes' masses and percent abundances?

Mass spectrometry

In mass spectrometry, what device vaporizes the sample entering the spectrometer?

A heating device

How is the sample ionized inside a mass spectrometer?

By an electron beam

What component accelerates the ion beam in mass spectrometry?

An electric field / electrically charged plates

How does the magnetic field separate particles in mass spectrometry?

It deflects particles according to their mass/charge ratio ($m/z$)

In mass spectrometry, how are ions with a smaller mass/charge ratio affected by the magnet?

They are deflected more

In mass spectrometry, how are ions with a larger mass/charge ratio affected by the magnet?

They are deflected less

What component maintains low pressure within the mass spectrometer?

A pump

What do the X-axis and Y-axis represent on a mass spectrum?

The X-axis represents the isotope's mass or mass/charge ratio ($m/z$), and the Y-axis represents relative abundance

What real-world sample in acetonitrile is shown as an example mass spectrum?

Cyclophosphamide

What three isotopes of Magnesium are displayed in the sample photoelectron/mass spectrum?

Magnesium-24 ($^{24}\text{Mg}$), Magnesium-25 ($^{25}\text{Mg}$), and Magnesium-26 ($^{26}\text{Mg}$)

What are the relative abundances of Magnesium-24, Magnesium-25, and Magnesium-26 shown in the diagram?

Magnesium-24 is 78.99%, Magnesium-25 is 10.00%, and Magnesium-26 is 11.01%

What registration code is provided for the course page on Khan Academy?

XNK49K9Z

What ratio calculated from isotope notation helps assess nuclear stability?

The neutron:proton ratio

What graph is used to determine whether isotopes are stable or radioactive?

The band of stability graph

According to Bohr's model, how are electrons distributed around the nucleus?

Electrons are distributed in different shells around the nucleus, also known as energy levels

What are valence electrons?

Electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom

What are core electrons?

Electrons located in the inner shells of an atom

What is the relationship between shell distance from the nucleus and energy?

The farther from the nucleus, the higher the energy of the shell

What accompanies the transition of an electron between shells?

The absorption or emission of energy

What is the ground state of an electron configuration?

The configuration in which the electrons occupy the lowest possible energy levels, representing the most stable arrangement

What is the excited state of an electron configuration?

A less stable configuration in which one or more electrons have been temporarily promoted to a higher energy level than their ground state

What process occurs when an electron transitions from a ground state ($E_1$) to an excited state ($E_2$)?

Absorption of energy (excitation via a photon)

What process occurs when an electron drops from an excited state ($E_2$) back to a ground state ($E_1$)?

Spontaneous emission of a photon

What are the shell letter labels and maximum electron capacities for levels $n = 1$ to $n = 4$?

Level 1 (K): 2 e–, Level 2 (L): 8 e–, Level 3 (M): 18 e–, Level 4 (N): 32 e–

What are the shell letter labels and maximum observed number of electrons for levels $n = 5$, $n = 6$, and $n = 7$?

Level 5 (O): 32 e–, Level 6 (P): 18 e–, Level 7 (Q): 8 e–

Which two atomic models accounted for energy sublevels within electron shells?

Sommerfeld's and Schrödinger's models

What are the four subshell designations and their maximum electron capacities?

s (2 e–), p (6 e–), d (10 e–), and f (14 e–)

Which subshell sublevels are present in electron shells K and L?

Shell K has $s^2$; Shell L has $s^2$ and $p^6$

Which subshell sublevels are present in electron shell N?

$s^2$, $p^6$, $d^{10}$, and $f^{14}$

What is the Aufbau principle?

Electrons fill sublevels from the lowest to the highest energy

For neutral atoms, what equality holds true regarding protons, electrons, and atomic number ($Z$)?

$$Z = \text{\# of protons} = \text{\# of electrons}$$

What is the ground-state electronic configuration of Sodium ($^{11}\text{Na}$)?

$$1s^2\,2s^2\,2p^6\,3s^1$$

What is the ground-state electronic configuration of Cobalt ($^{27}\text{Co}$)?

$$1s^2\,2s^2\,2p^6\,3s^2\,3p^6\,4s^2\,3d^7$$

What do Carbon ($^6\text{C}$), Silicon ($^{14}\text{Si}$), and Tin ($^{50}\text{Sn}$) have in common regarding their electron configuration?

They all have 4 valence electrons in their outermost shell, sharing the same group on the periodic table

What are the four main block designations on the periodic table corresponding to sublevels?

s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block

What is the photoelectric effect?

The emission of electrons from a material as a result of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (light)

What is binding energy in photoelectron spectroscopy?

The energy required to remove each electron from an atom, which refers to its original energy level

What parameters are plotted on a Photoelectron Spectrum (PES)?

Relative number of electrons on the Y-axis and binding energy (MJ/mol) on the X-axis

Which electrons in an atom have the highest binding energy in photoelectron spectroscopy?

The $1s$ core electrons closest to the nucleus

Why do $1s$ electrons in Oxygen have a higher binding energy than $1s$ electrons in Nitrogen?

Oxygen has a greater nuclear charge (more protons) than Nitrogen, creating a stronger Coulombic attraction on its $1s$ electrons