CH 3 - Inflammation and Tissue Repair

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering fundamental terms, mechanisms, phases, complications, and disease applications related to inflammation and tissue repair.

First Line of Defense

Physical and chemical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes that prevent pathogen entry.

Second Line of Defense

Nonspecific inflammatory response activated after tissue injury.

Third Line of Defense

Specific immune response involving lymphocytes and antibodies.

Acute Inflammation

Immediate, short-term tissue response to injury characterized by increased blood flow, healing cells, and preparation for repair.

Vascular Response

Inflammatory phase involving vasodilation and increased capillary permeability to deliver blood and plasma proteins to injured tissue.

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels that increases blood flow to an injured area.

Capillary Permeability

Ability of blood vessel walls to allow fluids and cells to exit into surrounding tissue during inflammation.

Chemotaxis

Directed migration of inflammatory cells toward chemical signals at the injury site.

Mast Cell

Granulocyte that releases histamine and other mediators to initiate inflammation.

Cytokines

Small proteins released by cells that modulate immune and inflammatory responses.

Histamine

Vasoactive amine from mast cells causing vasodilation and increased permeability.

Leukotrienes

Lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid that promote vascular permeability and chemotaxis.

Prostaglandins

Lipid compounds that intensify inflammation, pain, and fever.

Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMNs)

First white blood cells to arrive at acute inflammation, performing phagocytosis.

Inflammatory Mediators

Substances that trigger, amplify, or resolve inflammatory responses; can be plasma- or cell-derived.

Complement System

Plasma protein cascade that enhances inflammation and cell lysis.

Kinin System

Plasma proteins generating bradykinin, producing vasodilation and pain.

Clotting System

Cascade that forms fibrin clots to limit bleeding and provide a matrix for repair.

Local Manifestations of Inflammation

Heat, redness, pain, swelling, and loss of function at the injury site.

Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation

Fever, leukocytosis, and elevated plasma proteins seen throughout the body.

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

Pain, warmth, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Anti-inflammatory Therapy

Interventions that reduce blood flow, swelling, mediator activity, and pain.

Inflammatory Phase (Healing)

First stage of tissue repair involving acute inflammation and wound sealing.

Proliferative Phase

Healing stage in which debris is cleared and structural integrity is restored via new tissue growth.

Remodeling Phase

Final healing stage focused on restoring functional integrity and strengthening tissue.

Dehiscence

Wound complication involving reopening along a surgical incision.

Keloid

Excessive collagen scar extending beyond original wound boundaries.

Adhesion

Fibrous band connecting tissues or organs after injury, restricting movement.

Granuloma

Small nodular collection of macrophages in chronic inflammation.

Chronic Inflammation

Prolonged inflammation lasting weeks or longer with macrophages, lymphocytes, granuloma formation, and scarring.

Acute Sinusitis

Blockage of sinus ostia leading to short-term inflammation, facial pain, congestion, and fever.

Chronic Sinusitis

Multifactorial, persistent sinus inflammation with congestion, foul breath, and hyposmia.

Ostia

Small sinus openings whose blockage impairs mucus drainage.

Mucociliary Clearance

Process by which cilia move mucus and debris out of the respiratory tract.

Hyposmia

Reduced ability to smell, common in chronic sinusitis.

Superficial Partial-Thickness Burn

Burn involving epidermis and part of dermis causing pain, redness, and swelling.

Deep Partial-Thickness Burn

Burn extending deeper into dermis with blistering and serous exudate.

Full-Thickness Burn

Burn destroying epidermis, dermis, and possibly subcutaneous tissue, often with eschar.

Rule of Nines

Method estimating burn surface area by assigning body regions percentage values.

American Burn Association Criteria

Guidelines classifying burns as minor, moderate, or major based on depth and area.

Eschar

Thick, leathery necrotic burn tissue.

Hydrotherapy (Burns)

Water-based wound care technique aiding debridement and healing.

Skin Grafting

Surgical placement of healthy skin to cover extensive burn areas.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Autoimmune, chronic inflammatory disease of synovial joints.

Synovial Hyperplasia

Excessive growth of synovial membrane cells in RA.

Pannus

Inflamed granulation tissue destroying cartilage in RA.

Fibrosis (RA)

Fibrous scar tissue replacing damaged cartilage, limiting joint motion.

Ankylosis

Joint fixation due to bone fusion in severe RA.

Rheumatoid Factor

Autoantibody (IgG) often present in RA patients.

Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)

Autoantibody against cell nuclei, sometimes elevated in RA.

Acute Gastritis

Sudden gastric mucosal inflammation from irritants or poor perfusion, causing pain and nausea.

Chronic Gastritis

Long-standing gastric inflammation, frequently due to Helicobacter pylori or autoimmunity.

Helicobacter pylori

Bacterium that colonizes stomach lining and triggers chronic gastritis and ulcers.

Dyspepsia

Indigestion or upper abdominal discomfort, common in gastritis.

Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)

Drug class that reduces gastric acid secretion to treat gastritis and ulcers.

Bismuth

Antimicrobial compound that raises gastric pH and assists H. pylori eradication.

Acute Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas due to gallstones or alcohol, causing severe abdominal pain and elevated enzymes.

Chronic Pancreatitis

Progressive pancreatic inflammation leading to fibrosis, pain, and loss of function, often from alcohol abuse.

Acinar Cell

Pancreatic exocrine cell producing digestive enzymes; damaged in pancreatitis.

Zymogen

Inactive enzyme precursor stored in pancreatic acinar cells.

Steatorrhea

Fatty, foul-smelling stools indicating fat malabsorption, common in chronic pancreatitis.

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Procedure using endoscopy and contrast imaging to evaluate pancreatic and bile ducts.

Crohn Disease

Chronic, patchy transmural inflammation of the GI tract, often affecting the small intestine.

Skip Lesions

Noncontinuous areas of inflammation separated by normal tissue in Crohn disease.

Malnutrition (Crohn)

Poor nutrient absorption due to intestinal inflammation and fibrosis.

Occult Blood in Stool

Hidden blood detected chemically, signifying GI bleeding in Crohn disease.

Ulcerative Colitis

Chronic, continuous superficial inflammation starting in rectum and extending proximally in colon.

Massive Hemorrhage (UC)

Severe bleeding complication of ulcerative colitis.

Fever (Inflammatory Disorders)

Systemic response caused by pyrogenic cytokines elevating body temperature.

Leukocytosis

Elevated white blood cell count during systemic inflammation.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

Blood test measuring inflammation by assessing red blood cell settling.

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

Acute-phase plasma protein whose level rises with systemic inflammation.

Chemokines

Chemotactic cytokines that guide cell migration during immune responses.

Phagocytosis

Engulfment and digestion of pathogens or debris by neutrophils and macrophages.

Cellular Migration

Movement of inflammatory cells through vessel walls to damaged tissue.

Cellular Adherence

Binding of leukocytes to endothelial cells before transmigration.

Autoimmunity

Immune reaction against the body's own tissues, underlying many chronic inflammatory diseases.