2B Review (Forces and matter)

What is a force?

A push or pull on an object

What are the two main types of forces?

Contact forces and flied forces.

Give examples of contact forces.

Friction

Give examples of forces at a distance.

Gravity

What do forces do?

Change an object’s speed

What is gravity?

The attractive force between any two masses

What factors affect the strength of gravity?

The masses involved and the distance between them

What is the definition of work?

The use of a force to move an object through a distance in the same direction

What is the formula for work?

Work = Force × Distance

What unit is work measured in?

Joules (J)

What is the definition of energy?

The ability to do work

What are the two main kinds of mechanical energy?

Kinetic energy and potential energy

What is kinetic energy?

Energy of motion

What is potential energy?

Stored energy due to position or condition

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed—only transformed from one form to another

Give an example of energy transformation.

Food (chemical) → Muscles (mechanical work) + Heat

What is light (radiant) energy?

Energy carried by electromagnetic waves (like sunlight)

What is chemical energy?

Energy stored in chemical bonds (batteries

What is nuclear energy?

Energy stored in the nucleus of atoms

What is sound energy?

Energy carried by vibrating particles in waves

What is electrical energy?

Energy from moving electrons

What is magnetic energy?

Energy from magnetic fields and magnetic interactions

What is thermal energy?

Heat energy from vibrating particles in matter

What is an example of potential energy?

A rock on a cliff

What is an example of kinetic energy?

A rolling ball

What are the main kinds of energy?

Mechanical

What are natural sources of energy?

The sun (solar)

What are renewable sources of energy?

Sunlight

What are nonrenewable sources of energy?

Coal

What is a wave?

A repeating disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without moving matter permanently

What are the two main types of waves?

Transverse waves and longitudinal (compression) waves

What is a transverse wave?

A wave where particles move up and down (perpendicular) while the wave moves forward (like water waves or light)

What is a compression (longitudinal) wave?

A wave where particles move back and forth (parallel) in the same direction the wave travels

What is a contact force?

A force that acts on an object only when it is physically touching another object.

What is a field (distance) force?

A force that can act on an object without physical contact.