AP CSP Vocabulary - (ALL)

Bit

Binary Digit. Single unit of information on a computer. Represented as a 0 or 1

Bit Rate

The number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time

Protocol

A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices. A set of rules for sending, receiving, and interpreting binary messages

Latency

The time it takes for a signal to arrive

Bandwidth

Transmission capacity, measured by bit rate

Boolean

Question for which only two answers are possible

Fiberoptics

Method of transmitting data that utilizes light

Copper Wire

Method of transmitting data that utilizes electrical current

WiFi

A wireless networking technology that utilizes radio waves to transmit information/data

Prototype

A preliminary sketch of an idea or model for something new. It's the original drawing from which something real might be built or created.

IP Address

A number assigned to any item that is connected to the Internet.

Packets

Small chunks of information that are portions of a larger, complete set.

Router

A computer which receives messages travelling across a network and redirects them towards their intended destinations based on the addressing information included with the message.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of packets on the internet. TCP is tightly linked with IP and usually seen as TCP/IP in writing.

Domain Name System (DNS)

An abbreviation for Domain Name System, the Internet's system for converting alphabetic names into numeric IP addresses.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

The protocol used by the World Wide Web. It describes how messages are formatted and interchanged, and how web servers respond to commands.

Abstraction

Reducing information and detail to focus on essential characteristics.

Server

A computer that awaits and responds to requests for data.

Client

A computer that requests data stored on a server.

Net Neutrality

The principle that Internet service providers should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites.

Internet Censorship

The control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet. It may be carried out by governments or by private organizations at the behest of government, regulators, or on their own initiative.

Node

Vertex; Represented by a labeled circle

Edge

A line connecting two nodes

Shortest Path

The lowest wait path between two nodes

Routing Table

A data table stored in a router that lists the routes to particular network destinations

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

A group of volunteers, private citizens, government officials, etc. who promote internet standards

Peer-to-peer networks

Networks that are designed to connect similar computers that share data and software with each other.

Censorship of digital information (DI)

Commercial & governmental censorship of DI raise ethical and legal concerns.

Open source software

Software that results from the voluntary collaboration of developers who create programs that they distribute free to others

Licensing of software

Open source and Licensing of software and content raise ethical and legal concerns.

Aggregation of Information

consolidation of information, such as geolocation, cookies, browsing history, raise ethical and legal concerns.

Anonymity in online interactions

can be enable through the use of online anonymity software and proxi servers

exploitation of information

technology enables an act that exploits or victimizes someone (treats them unfairly)

proxy servers

server (a computer system or an application) that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers.

curation

How information and content is presented

target advertising

Companies target specific groups like teen or elders, etc.

intellectual property

Refers to intangibles such as ideas, music, art, photos, logos, movies, and programs that are the result of creativity and intellectual effort.

Copyright

An exclusive right granted by the federal government allowing the owner to reproduce and sell an artistic or published work.

digital millennium copyright Act

1998 act that criminalized the circumvention of any anti-piracy encryption technology on commercial software, eBooks, videos, and music. It bans the sale and manufacture of devices used to illegally copy digital content.

wireless

a form of computer networking or other communication that uses radio signals and microwaves to transmit data

digital divide

A term used to describe the discrepancy between people who have access to and the resources to use new information and communication tools, such as the internet, and people who do not have the resources and access to the technology.

socioeconomic

A person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, and other factors

infrastructure

Fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools

commercial

related to business

browser

A program that allows the user to find and view pages on the world wide web.

hosts

Computers that link individual personal computer users to the Internet are called:

lossy compression

a process of reducing a file's size by altering and/or eliminating some pixels

lossless compression

A compression technique that is able to reconstitute all of the data in the original file; hence "lossless" means that this compression technique does not lose data

ISP

Internet Service Provider

Biometrics

An automated method of recognizing a person based on physical characteristics. Among the features measured are face, fingerprints, hand geometry, iris and voice

High level programming

Provides strong abstraction from the hardware and allows a program to be written in a language that can run on multiple types of computers.

Visual by humans.

Visual Basics, Python, Java.

English type language for programming.

Differentiates the language from assembly language and binary which are technically also programming languages

low-level programming

written to correspond closely to a computer processor's circuitry, a programming language that a computer can interpret quickly but that bears little resemblance to human language.

One that corresponds closely to a computer processor's circuity. (e.g., Machine Language).

are closer to the hardware than are high-level programming languages, which are closer to human languages

CPU

Abbreviation of central processing unit. The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the processor or central processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place.

(Central Processing Unit) The key component of a computer system, which contains the circuitry necessary to interpret and execute program instructions

Internet speed

Bandwidth

block programming

When a programmer strings together a group of similar programs.

data abstraction

Representing or storing information with methods that separate layers of concerns so that the programmer can work with information while ignoring lower-level details about how the information is represented.

Parallel processing

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Procedural abstraction

is the concept of being able to look at programming code, identify a block of repetitive programming statements, and place them within one procedure that can be referenced by many objects, thus making the code easier to understand and reuse.

Model

A pattern, plan, representation, or description designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system, or concept

RGB

The RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green, and blue light are added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors. The name of the model comes from the initials of the three additive primary colors, red(0-255), green(0-255), and blue(0-255).

Huffman compression

Huffman coding is a lossless data compression algorithm. The idea is to assign variable-legth codes to input characters, lengths of the assigned codes are based on the frequencies of corresponding characters. The most frequent character gets the smallest code and the least frequent character gets the largest code.

Internet packets

are made up of binary sequences that are sent through the lowest layer of OSI

Open source interconnection

What does the acronym "OSI" stand for?

Logic gate

an electronic circuit that performs a Boolean function.

AND, OR, NOT

Routing packets

Router. In packet switching networks, routing is the higher-level decision making that directs network packets from their source toward their destination through intermediate network nodes by specific packet forwarding mechanisms.

Resource sharing

____ is the ability to share physical resources, such as a printer or storage device, as well as logical resources, such as software and information.

Data encryption

What process secures a wireless network by protecting data packets being transmitted?

scrambling the data in a message in a systematic way in order to prevent competitors from electronically monitoring confidential data transmission

Network backbone

A very high speed transmission path that carries the majority of network data. Connects small networks into larger a structure or server nodes to a network where the majority of client computer are attached.

Malware

Malicious software created specifically for the purpose of infiltrating or damaging a computer system without the user's knowledge or consent includes a variety of technologies, including viruses, Trojan horses, worms, spyware, and adware

Data vs Information

Data are raw facts; information is data converted into a meaningful & useful context for decision making

Iterative

a process that can be applied repeatedly

Filter

A device used to remove contamination from a fluid.

Clustering

Identifying patterns in data based on common temporal (time) or spatial (geographic) traits is based on what type of data mining analysis?

Data Classification

System of organizing data according to its sensitivity. Common classifications include public, highly confidential, and top secret.

Creative Expression (Digital)

Refers to participation in a range of activities that allow for creative and imaginative expression

Data-driven problems

Problems with Data gathered during testing

Visualizations

A class of maps that use sophisticated software to create dynamic computer maps, some of which are three dimensional or interactive.

Extract(ing)

pulling out information

Online Collaborative tools

Helps with gathering and processing info

Patterns

refers to finding a collection of symptoms that tend to go together, and not just seeing a single symptom

Number Bases

The number of different digits or combination of digits and letters that a system of counting uses to represent numbers.

Bits

A basic unit of information in computing and digital communications. Can have only one of two values. A 0 or 1

Creative development process

Employing non traditional techniques, combination of artifacts, or tools.

Hexadecimal

Represents values using numbers 0-9 and letters A-F

Digital Data

Discrete, discontinuous representations of information or works, as contrasted with continuous, or analog signals which behave in a continuous manner, or represent information using a continuous function.

Computing tools

programming, integrated IDES, spreadsheets, etc

Programming Languages

Language of computers, examples: Java, Python, C, C++

Real Numbers (Floating-Point)

Formula representation of an approximation of real numbers

Levels of Abstraction

Different programming languages offer different levels of human to computer communication

High-Level Languages

Programming language similar to human language

Abstraction Hierarchy

Most general concepts on top of the hierarchy and specific concepts on the bottom

Low-Level Languages

programming language similar to machine code

Analyze

Artifact, usability, functionality and sustainability of true artifact

Collaboration

Joint effort by more than one person to achieve a goal

Scalability

Ability to either handle increasing workloads or to be easily expanded to manage workload increases. In a software context, systems that aren't scalable often require significant rewrites or the purchase or development of entirely new systems.

Digital Data Representation

Software

programs and other info used by a computer

Binary Sequences

Used to represent digital data.

Metadata

Data about data.

Provides information about the content of a digital item e.g. each digital images from a digital camera has a file attached listing such things as date, time camera and shutter speed

Computational artifact

something created by a human using a computer.