20. The Progressives (A 21)

Progressives

1. Most of these reformers were middle class urban dwellers who wanted to rid politics of corruption and inefficiency, curtail the power of trusts and political machines and to protest the general welfare of the public. They believed that an efficient government could protect the public interest and restore order to society---government is an agent of human welfare. Progressive agendas were varied. Specific issues of reform: Break up of trusts, killing political machines, improve conditions of the cities, improve working conditions, end child labor, consumer protection, voting reform, conservation, banking reform, labor reform (unions), prohibition of alcohol, women's suffrage, civil rights. Much of the progressive agenda was begun by the Populists in the late 1800s.

2. 1890s-1918 Progressive Era....Three "Progressive" presidents: T. Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson.

3. These crusaders created a reform movement not seen since the Antebellum Reform Movement in the early 1800s. They were responsible for reform at the municipal, state and federal levels. (Progressive amendments to the U.S. Constitution: 16, 17, 18, 19)

The New Middle Class

1. The people in the expanding professions. They placed a high value on education and individual accomplishment. They were the bulk of the progressive movement supporters by building organizations and urging for municipal reform.

2. Beginning of 20th Century; 1900s; USA

3. The middle class determination to better society and their rank prompted them to make social requirements for entries into a certain profession. These new standards bettered society with true professionals and also made a gateway into the power they needed to support upcoming reform ideas like women's suffrage, political, municipal, and economic reform, etc.

muckraker

1. Reform-minded journalists who often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political corruption. These investigative journalists took on corporate monopolies and crooked political machines while raising public awareness of chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, and social issues like child labor. They were the OPPOSITE of yellow journalists as their stories were done through meticulous research. (After all....they were going after people with deep pockets and those with power)

2. 1900s, Often writing for magazines like McClure's, Collier's Weekly and Puck.

3. These writers exposed important situations to the public. Without their information being distributed nationwide, the public would not have known or have had the initiative to support the reforms on the many controversial issues during that time. Helped to inspire Progressive change.

Lincoln Steffens

1. Muckraker: The Shame of the Cities. Focused on political corruption and graft in major U.S. cities. Exposed the corrupt workings of political machines.

2. 1904, Progressive Era (TR = President)

3. Encouraged the creation of independent professional city commissioners and elected city manager to handle city affairs and finances. Helps to reduce the power of political machines.

Jacob Riis

1. Muckraker: How the Other Half Lives. Photojournalism. Used the new technology of flash photography to show the deplorable and unsanitary living conditions in NY City's tenement housing. Exposed the exploitation of recent immigrants.

2. published 1890.

3. Influential in the reform movements of the Progressive Era. Influences the passage of building codes (such as maximum occupancy rules, fire escapes ventilation shafts etc) Also will increase municipal services such as garbage removal, sewage, water and housing inspections.

Upton Sinclair

1. muckraker: The Jungle. Book exposed the unsanitary conditions in Chicago's meat packing plants. Also exposed poor working conditions of many recent immigrants.

2. The Jungle was published in 1906. (TR was president)

3. Book will influence Teddy Roosevelt to put pressure on Congress to pass the 1906 Meat Inspection Act, the Pure Food and Drug Act and the creation of the FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

Ida Tarbell

1. One of the leading muckrakers of the Progressive Era. Best Known for: The History of the Standard Oil Company. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company forced her father and other small oil companies out of business. She meticulously researched and made it her mission to expose the negative and monopolistic business practices of Standard Oil Company.

2. 1903, During the Progressive Era (TR was president)

3. Her research led to the "trust-busting " case against Standard Oil (United States v. Standard Oil Company of New Jersey) Standard Oil was broken into 34 smaller companies in 1911. Her book also inspired the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914).

John Spargo

1. Muckraker and socialist: The Bitter Cry of the Children. His book detailed child labor in American coal mines, exposing hazardous conditions and long hours.

2. 1906. During the Progressive Era (TR= President)

3. His book will inspire federal attempts to pass child labor laws. (Keating-Owens Act, Child Labor Tax Law and Child Labor Amendment.) Although child labor laws and the Child Labor Amendment FAIL at the federal level, states will pass their own child labor laws, limiting hours worked and types of work done.

Frank Norris

1. Muckraker: Best known for The Octopus (and The Pit). Criticized the railroad monopolies in the West.

2. 1901. Progressive Era, TR = president.

3. Book will encourage the strengthening of the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) through the Elkins Act and the Hepburn Act which further regulated the RR. Also increased support for the regulation or breakup of monopolies.

Thornstein Veblin

1. Wrote "The Theory of the Leisure Class" to propose a new economic system in which power would reside in the hands of highly trained engineers.

2. 1899

3. His ideas helped produce the idea of scientific management, "Taylorism" that inspired a revolution in American education and the creation of social science. It helped bureaucratic reformers make structures of organizations that could manage modern society. It also contributed to the new standards and advancements in the New Middle Class professions.

Anna Howard Shaw

1. A Boston social worker who led the NAWSA, (National American Woman Suffrage Association.)

2. 1893, Panic, USA

3. Her leadership and ability to have the public perceive women's suffrage as something that would not challenge the "separate sphere" lead the NAWSA to get over 2 million members to support women's suffrage and it was her leadership that got it to be the 19th amendment. (She died before the ratification) (She also resigned from president of NAWSA in 1915 because of the radicalism of Alice Paul and others....she was replaced by Carrie Chapman Catt)

Carrie Chapman Catt

1. A reformer from Iowa who became the president of the NAWSA. (National American Women Suffrage Association) She argued for the vote as a broadening of democracy which would empower women, thus enabling them to more actively care for their families in an industrial society. After the ratification of the 19th Amendment she organized the League of Women Voters to keep informed on candidates and issues.

2. 1900, Progressive Era, USA

3. Her leadership and ability to have the public perceive women's suffrage as something that would not challenge the "separate sphere" lead the NAWSA to get over 2 million members to support women's suffrage and it was her leadership that got it to be the 19th amendment to the US constitution.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Remember her from Seneca Falls? She is still around fighting for women's suffrage (until 1902)

Alice Paul

1. Head of militant National Woman's Party (NWP) She never accepted the "separate spheres" justification for suffrage and argued that the Nineteenth Amendment alone would not be sufficient to protect women's rights. She wanted there to be a constitutional amendment that would provide clear, legal protection for their rights and would prohibit all discrimination on the basis of sex (Equal Rights Amendment=ERA) She was often arrested for attempting to vote & led hunger strikes for suffrage. (The Lady Gaga video is based on her efforts: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYQhRCs9IHM )

2. 1916 (when the party was founded); during the Progressive Era (born 1885; died 1977)

3. Her efforts were instrumental in ratification of the 19th amendment. She was a bit ahead of her time as most women thought she was too radical since she also pushed for equal rights. The push for equal rights would not be taken up as a common cause for women until the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Memory Device: Her name is equal: first name is a common female name and her last name is a common male name.....equal rights :-)

Ida B. Wells

1. Founder of National Association of Colored Women (NACW) She will fight for women's rights as well as to push for civil rights.

2. 1896; year before the END of the Panic of 1893

3. Black women formed clubs of their own because they were excluded from white clubs; they crusaded against lynching and called for congressional legislation to make lynching a federal crime and they also protested segregation and the Jim Crow laws

Florence Kelley

1. Social reformer who studied at Cornell University. She investigated and reported on child labor while living at Hull House. She was a lifelong battle for the welfare of women, blacks and consumers. She worked tirelessly against sweatshops and for minimum wage, eight-hour workday, suffrage and children's rights. She is one of the founding members of the NAACP and was the first secretary of the National Consumers League.

2. 1859-1932 (Influential during the Progressive Era)

3. Instrumental in spearheading many progressive reforms.

Margaret Sanger

1. American leader of the movement to legalize birth control

2. early 1900's; during the Progressive Era

3. She was a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, and had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy, as well as the burden of having a large number of children. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood

municipal reform

reform at the city level

• city managers

• commission system

• improved sanitation

• building inspections

• fire codes/safety

And more.....

commission plan /city manager plan

1. Progressive reforms began at the local town and city level. Following the terrible disaster of the Galveston Texas Tidal Wave/Hurricane, the City of Galveston Texas introduced the City Commission Plan- the mayor and council were replaced by 5 commissioners: 2 were elected by the people and 3 experts were appointed. A professional, full-time city manager was also hired to run each department of the city (fire, police, and sanitation) City-Manager Plan- elected officials hired an outside expert to take charge of the government and direct the work of various departments of city government

2. First commission plan in 1900 in Galveston, Texas following a devastating hurricane. During the Progressive Era

3. Within 20 years, 400 cities adopted this system that reduced the levels of bribery and corruption from political machines.

• Today most cities are usually run on one of two forms of government: The mayor-council government system OR the council-manager government system.

state level reform

• Direct Primary

• Initiative

• Referendum

• Recall

• Australian Ballot

• Workers compensation laws

• Minimum wage adopted

• Child labor laws passed

• Compulsory education laws

• Laws that limit workday hours for women (Muller v. Oregon establishes the 10 hour workday for women)

• State income taxes

AND more.....

Australian Ballot

1. Secret Ballot. Passed at the state level.

2. passed at varying times from late 1800s to early 1900s

3. Helps to reduce the power of political machines and reduces corruption at the polls.

initiative

1. State Level Reform. Before: Only members of the state legislature could introduce bills. After: Citizens can put a proposed new law (a bill) directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting a predetermined number signatures on a petition.

2. Early 1900s, Progressive Era to today

3. Allows more direct participation in government. Reduces power of party bosses. 24 states allow some form of initiative

referendum

1. State Level Reform. Before: only legislators pass laws. After: voters can vote on proposed bills directly. There are two types: One where the Legislature refers a proposed measure to the voters for their approval OR Two, driven by voter petition, voters can repeal an act of the State Legislature.

2. Early 1900s, Progressive Era to today

3. Allows more direct participation in government. 23 states allow this measure.

recall

1. Before: only courts or the legislature through impeachment can remove corrupt officials from office. After: allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of a term of office

2. Early 1900, Progressive Era to today

3. Allows citizens to remove corrupt or ineffective state officials so they can elect another who will better represent their state. Eighteen states permit this procedure. A recent, high profile example of this process was in 2003 when California Governor Gray Davis was removed from office and was replaced with former actor Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Robert La Follette

1. Father of state level progressive reform. Known as "Fighting Bob" he will lead what will become known as the "Wisconsin Experiment" and Wisconsin will become known as the "laboratory of democracy". As governor of Wisconsin he:

• helped to destroy the political machine,

• wrestle control away from lumber and railroad trusts (Which was very popular with the farmers)

• first to establish direct primaries

• introduced initiative, referendum and recall

• first to include a true workers' compensation

• a graduated income tax

• establish a minimum wage

• women's suffrage

• direct election of senators

• He also established the publishing of VOTING ROLL CALL so people could know which way their elected officials voted on matters.

• created an atmosphere of close cooperation between the state government and the University of Wisconsin in the development of the WISCONSIN IDEA. He was using university professors to help him come up with progressive agenda... All which were aimed at giving citizens a more direct role in government. (FDR's Brain Trust will be modeled after Fighting Bob's Wisconsin Idea)

As U.S. Senator: he strongly opposed American involvement in World War I and campaigned for child labor laws, social security, women's suffrage, federal direct election of senators and other progressive reforms. He opposed the prosecution of Eugene V. Debs and other opponents of the war and played a key role in initiating the investigation of the Teapot Dome Scandal during the Harding Administration.

2. Governor of Wisconsin: 1901-1906; U.S. Senator from Wisconsin 1906 until his death in 1925.

3. Helped to widen public awareness of progressive goals at both the state and national level. He made clear that reform was not simply the responsibility of politicians, but of newspapers, citizens groups, educational institutions, and business and professional organizations. Leader of state level reform, which served as a model for other states to follow.

direct primary

1. State Level Reform. Before: party leaders choose candidates for state and local offices. After: VOTERS select their party candidates directly.

2. Established first in Wisconsin in the early 1900s, passed in other states following.

3. Reduced the power of political bosses and allowed the people of the state more direct participation in their government.

W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington

1. With race, African Americans sought reform and often followed Booker T. Washington's message of, "put down your bucket where you are," to work for immediate self improvement rather than long range social change. Not all blacks were content with this approach so they followed a new approach by DuBois; who had never known slavery and was educated at Fisk University and Harvard. In his book The Souls of Black Folk he launched an open attack on the philosophy of the Atlanta Compromise, accusing Washington of encouraging white efforts to impose segregation and of unnecessarily limiting the aspirations of his race.

2.1903- The Souls of Black Folk

1895- Atlanta compromise

3. DuBois unlike Washington advocated that talented blacks should accept nothing less than a full university education; rather than content themselves with education at the trade and agricultural schools.

Niagara Movement

1. Organization of black intellectuals led by W.E.B. Du Bois who met on the Ontario, Canada side of Niagara Falls because they couldn't find a hotel that would allow black patrons. Their stance was in direct contrast to those proposed by Booker T. Washington in his 1895 Atlanta Compromise Speech. They drew up a manifesto calling for full civil liberties and the abolition of racial discrimination. They held annual meetings and established 30 branches before disbanding in 1910. Served as precursor to the NAACP.

2. 1905-1910, Progressive Era. Ten years after BTW's Atlanta Compromise Speech.

3. After the Springfield, IL race riot in 1908, white liberals joined the with supporters of the Niagara movement and together they laid the foundation for the NAACP.

NAACP

1. Influential civil rights organization founded by a diverse group of prominent white and black members: W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, Archibald Grimké, Henry Moskowitz, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villard, William English Walling, Florence Kelley, a social reformer and Charles Edward Russell, a renowned muckraker and close friend of Walling.

2. February 12, 1909, Progressive Era

3. This organization is the oldest and largest civil rights organization in the country. They fought racial discrimination through the federal courts and their lawyers have been responsible for many landmark cases on civil rights.

Urban League

1. The 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision inspired the beginning of black migration into northern cities seeking better opportunities. Although the Great Black Migration will not begin in earnest until WWI, black families realized that when they left the south they still faced racial discrimination. This organization was created to help newly arrived black families to get settled into northern cities. It was a multiracial organization that worked to help secure economic self-reliance and to assist with civil rights. (Mrs. Ruth Standish Baldwin and Dr. George Edmund Haynes were central to the organization's founding.) (Worked similar to settlement houses that helped immigrants get settled).

2. Founded in 1910, 4 years before WWI and 7 years before U.S. entry into WWI and the beginning of the Great Migration.

3. Still exists today as a nonpartisan civil rights organization that advocates on behalf of African Americans and against racial discrimination. In 1961, Whitney Young became executive director, expanded the League's fund-raising ability- and made the League a full partner in the civil rights movement.

Eugenics

1. Is the science of altering the reproductive processes of plants and animals to produce new hybrids or breeds. When applied to humans is not an effort to breed the people, but an effort to create races and ethnic groups according to their genetic qualities. Publicists such as Madison Grant, in his book The Passing of The Great Race, 1916 warned people of the dangers of racial "mongrelization" and of the importance of protecting the purity of the Anglo-Saxons.

2. Early to mid 1900s

3. People who supported this pseudo-science advocated the forced sterilization of the mentally retarded, criminals, and others. They also spread the belief that human inequalities were hereditary and the integration with the unfit would contribute the growth of the unfit in our society. Nativist embraced this "science" and used it to push for immigration restrictions. (Hitler is the most infamous in his practice of this "science" for the attempted creation of his Aryan race and the extermination of the European Jewish population)

Dillingham Reports

1. Due to the pressure of Nativists and the rise in the popular theory of eugenics in America, the U.S. Congress passed Immigration Act of 1907. A commission headed by Republican Senator from Vermont was to investigate and report on the effects of increased levels of immigration to the United States. 41 volume report.

2. 1907-1911, during the Progressive Era, the Rise of Nativism and fear of anarchist from abroad. 3 years before WWI

3. The commission made a distinction between old immigrants and new immigrants. (Those who assimilated quickly vs. those who did not), The report provided a "scientific" (eugenic) argument that concluded immigration from southern and eastern Europe posed a serious threat to American society and culture. The report will be the foundation for the 1920s Immigration Quota Acts that severely limited immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.

Socialism as it relates to the Progressive Movement

1. The Socialist party of America grew into a force of considerable strength by the election of 1912 with presidential candidate Eugene V Debs, the party was the strongest in urban immigrant communities, particularly among Germans and Jews, it also attracted the loyalties of the substantial number of Protestant farmers in the South and Midwest.

2.rise during the election of 1912

3.Reformers were attracted to socialism to in part because of its support for pacifism and labor militancy. Virtually all socialists agreed on the need for basic structural changes in the economy; some endorse the radical goals of European Marxists, others envisioned a more moderate reform that would allow small-scale private enterprise to survive, but would nationalize major industries. Some believed in working for reform through electoral politics; others favored militant direct action. By the end of World War I. Because the party had refused to support the war effort. And because of a growing wave of anti-radicalism that subjective the socialists to enormous harassment and persecution, socialism was in decline of the significant political force.

Louis Brandeis

1. A brilliant lawyer and later 1st Jewish Justice of the Supreme Court (appointed by Wilson), who argued that the federal government should work to break up the largest combination and enforce a balance between the need for business and the need for competition. Who spoke and wrote widely most notably in his book, 1913 other people's money about the "curse of bigness"

2. 1913 , the year as the 16th and 17th amendment

3.His supporters opposed big business and often supported Progressive agenda to encourage competition.

Square Deal (3 C's)

1. The name for Teddy Roosevelt's Domestic Program and Progressive Agenda. TR's program embraced three C's: Control of Corporations, Consumer protection, Conservation of Natural Resources.

2. It was used as TR's 1904 campaign slogan.

3. TR's Legacy:

• Control of Corporations: Trust Buster (44 trusts busted); 1902 Northern Securities Case; 1902 Anthracite Coal Strike; 1903 Elkins Act, 1906 Hepburn Act.

• Consumer Protection: 1906 Meat Inspection Act, 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

• Conservation: 1902 Newlands Reclamation Act; 1908 National Conservation Commission established; set aside 150 million acres of Fed. Land as National Reserve; 150 national forests, 5 national parks, 51 federal bird reservations, 18 national monuments.

Bully Pulpit

1. The president's use of his prestige, visibility and the media to guide or enthuse the American public and to advocate an agenda. (Anyone who uses their position of fame or authority to speak out and be listened to could be said to use this format). The word "bully" was used differently that it is used today...it was an adjective in the early 1900s to mean "superb" or "wonderful"

2. Early 1900s

3. TR used this format to promote progressive agenda at the federal level and to promote his Square Deal.

Anthracite Coal Strike

1. A bitter strike by the United mine workers against the anthracite coal industry; dragged on long enough to deter coal supplies for the coming winter. Roosevelt asked both the operators and owners to accept impartial federal arbitration.

2. 1902 same year as the Venezuelan debt crisis.

3. When the mine owners balked, Roosevelt threatened to send federal troops to seize the mines and resume coal production. The operators finally relented. Arbitrators awarded the strikers a 10% wage increase and a 9 hour work day. Owners got the assurance that unions would not be official recognized (that official recognition won't come until the New Deal in the 1930s)

Sets the precedent for labor conflicts to be arbitrated by the government. Contrasted with the past when management was able to evoke the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to get federal troops to help put down labor strikes. Although labor didn't get all of what they were demanding it was the FIRST time the government SEEMED to back labor.

Northern Securities Case

1. Roosevelt's legal attack on JP Morgan's Northern Securities Company, a holding company that held a monopoly of RR in the NW. Roosevelt invoked the Sherman Antitrust Act to "trust-bust" the company. JP Morgan was shocked. He was used to warm relations with Republican Presidents---he hurried to the White House with 2 senators in tow and said "If we have done anything wrong, send your man to my man and they can fix it up." TR not to be intimidated proceeded with the case anyway.

2. 1904; TR's Square Deal, Control of Corporations.

3. Set TR's precedent of busting up bad trusts and regulating "good trusts"

Teddy Roosevelt's POV on Trusts

Teddy Roosevelt used the "rule of reason" and believed there were good trusts that helped the economy and bad trusts that did not. He believed that good trusts should be REGULATED and bad trusts should be BUSTED up.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1. Part of Teddy Roosevelt's Square Deal (Consumer Protection) The law was inspired by Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle. This law will require proper labeling of food products and limiting some ingredients.

2. 1906, Progressive Era, During TR's presidency.

3. Precursor to the modern FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Consumers can begin to trust labels on products they purchase.

Meat Inspection Act

1. Part of Teddy Roosevelt's Square Deal (Consumer Protection) This law will require government inspection of food processing facilities. Teddy Roosevelt Read Upton Sinclair's Book The Jungle and sent a team of investigators to confirm the disgusting realities of the U.S. meatpacking industry. (he remembered all of the men who died in the Spanish-American War from eating embalmed beef) Meatpacking Trusts/Monopolies tried to stall the passage of the act but when TR threatened to make public the results of the government investigation both this act and the Pure Food and Drug Act passed quickly and on the same day.

2. 1906, Progressive Era, During TR's presidency.

3. The law reformed the meatpacking industry. It mandated that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) inspect all cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and horses both before and after they were slaughtered and processed for human consumption. This will help to restore consumer confidence in the safety of our food supply.

Newland Reclamation Act

1. Money from the sale of public lands in sixteen western states and territories was to be used to build large dams and canal systems to conserve water for irrigation.

2. 1902, TR president

3. Made the Western US more able to sustain larger populations due to the irrigation and dams -stimulated farming and agriculture. Increases agricultural output and makes the federal government more involved in western states. The Hetch-Hetchy falls under the realm of this act.

John Muir (How did his conservation efforts differ from TR?)

1. Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in CA and founded the Sierra Club

2. 1838-1914

3. Invited TR to camp in Yosemite Valley and was instrumental in forming TR's policy on conservation. He was opposed to the damming of the Hetch Hetchy a Valley much like Yosemite. Today it is used as reservoir for San Francisco.

Elkins Act

1. Authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates to favored customers.

2. 1903; Teddy Roosevelt's Square Deal, Control of Corporations

3. Increased the authority/power of the ICC. Makes farmers happy as they have always complained about unfair RR freight rates.

Hepburn Act

1. Federal law that allowed the ICC to set maximum railroad rates and led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers. The ICC could review RR financial records to be sure they were complying with the law.

2. 1906, TR's Square Deal, Control of Corporations

3. Increased the power and jurisdiction of the ICC to include not only the RR but also to cover bridges, RR terminals, ferries, RR sleeping cars, express companies and oil pipelines.

Panic of 1907

2. 1907-08; Reaction to T. Roosevelt's trust busting with the Sherman Antitrust Act. Pre-federal reserve

3.JP Morgan convinced a number of NY banks to retract a large quantity of money from circulation. This caused the stock market to crash by more than 50%. TR and Congress re-evaluated the targets of their trust busting activities, instead selected other corporations that did not have as much power over the economy.

Created a crisis of confidence in banks that resulted in bank runs.

Led to the creation of the Aldrich-Breeland Act of 1908. This law created the National Monetary Commission to investigate the Panic of 1907. On this commission's recommendation, the US government created the federal reserve to better monitor the money supply.

Mann-Elkins Act

1. Extended the authority of the ICC to regulate the telecommunications industry: telephone & telegraph lines.

2. 1910, Taft presidency

3. Increased the power and jurisdiction of the ICC.

"Mann the lines!"

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

1. Reduced tariff rates scarcely at all and in some areas raised them.

2. 1909; year before Mann-Elkin Act

3. Taft's first problem when Congress was called into special session to lower protective tariff rates. The president made no effort to overcome the opposition of the congressional Old Guard, arguing that to do so would violate the constitutional of separation of powers. The progressives resented the president's passivity.

Ballenger- Pinchot Controversy

1. Pinchot, TR supporter, dedicated conservationist and Chief of the Agriculture Department's Division of Forestry....liked by progressives. Ballinger....secretary of the interior under Taft. Ballinger opened up public lands in WY, MT and Alaska to private corporate development. Pinchot brought the injustice to Taft and reminded him that this was opposite of TR's conservation policy that Taft was supposed to support. When Taft didn't move quickly on Ballinger's actions Pinchot went to the press and Taft fired him for insubordination. Pinchot was TR's first houseguest after he returned to the U.S. and he basically tattled on Taft to TR.

2. 1910, Taft = President

3. A storm of protest arose from conservationists and TR's friends. This will overshadow Taft's conservation success and will ultimately lead to the split between Taft and TR. Taft was seen as deserting progressive Republican agenda in favor of the Old Guard Republican agenda. Will lead to the defeat of the Republicans in the 1912 election as TR will run against Taft on the Progressive ticket.

Election of 1912

1. This election focused on reform and was made up of four main candidates - William H. Taft, Eugene V. Debs, Theodore Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson.

2. 1912, year before the Federal Reserve Act

3. Four parties. 1. The Democrats with Woodrow Wilson, a newcomer who pledged a New Freedom, claiming he would limit big business and government, as well as end corruption and support small business. 2. The Republicans with Taft, after excluding Roosevelt ( gained little popularity) 3. The Progressive Republicans with Roosevelt pledging a New Nationalism with government regulation of more social welfare programs and 4. The Socialist Party of America with Debs, who spoke of workers compensation and minimum wage ( radical). There was much support for Roosevelt, but Wilson eventually won easily with 435 electoral votes.

Bull Moose Party/ TR's New Nationalism

1. Progressive Republicans. Nickname spawned from Roosevelt's belief that he was as strong as a bull moose (after an assassination attempt that led to a bullet in his chest afterword he proceeded to give a 90 minute speech before being taken to the hospital). New Nationalism was TR's new domestic program where he called for more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage and more social welfare programs.

2. Election of 1912; Robert La Follette was supposed to run on this party's ticket in the 1912 but was replaced by TR due to family issues.

3. TR and Taft split the Republican vote allowing the Democrat Wilson to win the 1912 Election. New Nationalism has lasting influence as seen from FDR's New Deal and LBJ's Great Society.

New Freedom

1. Woodrow Wilson's domestic program and pledge in the Election of 1912.

2. 1912, same year as elections.

3. Limited big business and government, brought reform by ending corruption, and revived competition by supporting small businesses.

Underwood - Simmons Tariff

1. In the first days of his presidency Wilson called a special session of Congress to have them consider a tariff bill that would lower the Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909. First tariff substantially low in over 50 years.

2. 1913, year after elections; part of Wilson's New Freedom

3. Wilson fulfilled his campaign pledge immediately. He broke the presidential tradition of written messages to Congress by addressing them in person. To compensate for reduced tariff revenues, it also included a graduated income tax rate of 1-6%.

Federal Reserve Act

1. Proposed a national banking system with 12 district banks supervised by a Federal Reserve Board (Wilson).

2. 1913-1914, same year as Clayton Antitrust Act.

3. Wilson again appealed directly to Congress, and after many months of debate, and rejecting the Republican proposal for a private national bank, passed the FR Act. We still use the Federal Reserve notes, or U.S dollars, today.

Federal Trade Commission Act

1. New regulatory agency created that was empowered to investigate and take action against any "unfair trade practices" in every industry except banking and transportation. Unfair trade practices could include false advertising, mislabeling, bribery etc.

2. 1914, part of Wilson's New Freedom

3. Reduces the power of big corporations; one of Wilson's major acts against trusts.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

1. Act passed under Wilson's New Freedom Program. Strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Included a clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts.

2. 1914, 6 years before the 20th amendment. Part of Wilson's New Freedom to ensure small businesses could compete

3. Made a clear distinction between TR/Taft trust-busting as Wilson claimed that ALLLLLLLL trusts are bad for business.

Keating- Owen Act

1. A Child-Labor Act passed at the Federal Level as part of Wilson's New Freedom. The act restricted how many hours children were allowed to work by prohibiting the employment of children under the age of 14 in factories producing goods for interstate commerce.

2. 1916, during Woodrow Wilson's term in office. Election year. 2 years after WWI began in Europe and 1 year before U.S. entry.

3. First attempt by the federal government to regulate child labor. This law was declared unconstitutional in Hammer v. Dagenhart

Hammer V. Dagenhart

1. The Keating-Owens Act was declared unconstitutional on the grounds that child labor was a manufacturing condition, not interstate commerce.

2. 1918, the same year that WWI ended

3. The Federal government will again attempt to regulate child labor with a Child Labor Tax Act and this law will too be put down with a Supreme Court Case.

(Memory Aide: Give the kid back his hammer and put a dagger into the heart of his childhood because the kid has to go back to work..no fun for you! BTW parents of child laborers who needed their children to work brought the case to court)

16th Amendment

1. Income Tax Amendment. Originally introduced by the Populist Party in the late 1800s. Supporters believed income taxes would be a better source of revenue for the federal government than high protective tariffs that usually hurt the poor. Strongly supported by Southern and Western States and opposed by wealthy industrialists.

2. Added to the Constitution in 1913, during the Progressive Era. Proposed in 1909 under presidency of William Howard Taft finally ratified in Feb 1913 before Taft left office in March.

3. Allowed the federal government to tax individuals. Created the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to enforce income tax.

Memory Device: Most of us get our first job when we are 16......Also, most of us are surprised that taxes are taken out. LOL!

17th Amendment

1. Amendment that allowed for the voters in each state to elect their senators directly. Previously senators had been chosen by state legislatures.

2. 1913, 1st year of Woodrow Wilson's presidency.

3. Decreased corruption within political parties and allowed for more direct involvement of the common man in government.

Memory Device: "Seventeen Senators sitting in a row....I voted for two Ho Ho Ho" LOL! :-)

18th Amendment

1. Prohibition of the production, transport and sale of alcohol. (Strange...but the amendment did not included the consumption or private possession of alcohol) Enforced by the Volstead Act.

2. Ratified in January 1919, went into effect January 1920.

3. It was originally believed that alcohol was the root domestic violence and crime and that once it was made illegal, so too would the evils of alcohol. In reality this amendment led to the increased power of organized crime, bootlegging and corruption. The amendment was repealed in 1933 by the 21st Amendment during the Great Depression. It was better for the gov't to make money off of the sale of alcohol to fund New Deal programs than for the Mob to continue to get richer. :-)

Memory Device: When you turn 18, you can vote, you are legally an adult BUT you cannot legally drink= prohibition What repeals this? The 21st. Think about it.....

19th Amendment

1. A women's suffrage amendment that guaranteed a woman's right to vote at local, state, and national levels.

2. 1920, 8 years after Woodrow Wilson is elected president. 72 years after the Seneca Falls Conventions where the Declaration of Sentiments was written and suffrage was officially demanded by women.

3. The right to vote cannot be denied based on gender.

Girls women fought for over 100 years to gain the right to vote. Some women were willing to die, spend time in jail, go on hunger strikes....all just to gain the right to vote. REGISTER and remember to be an informed voter. Exercise your right to vote!

Child Labor Tax Law

1. Levied a tax of 10% on the net profits of factories employing children under the age of 14 and of mines and quarries employing children under the age of 16.

2. 1919

3. 2nd attempt of the federal government to regulate child labor following Hammer v. Dagenhart. It too was declared unconstitutional in Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co (1922)

Child Labor Amendment

1. Following Hammer v. Dagenhart and Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co, Congress passed an amendment to the Constitution giving itself the right to regulate child labor under 16 years of age.

2. 1924

3. It was only ratified by 28 states of the 36 states required for ratification (3/4 of states needed...at the time there were 48 states in the U.S.) The issue was dropped because by that time many states had their own child labor laws.

In 1938 during the New Deal, federal child labor laws were included as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). The law was enacted to ensure that when young people work, the work is safe and does not jeopardize their health, well-being or educational opportunities. These provisions also provide limited exemptions. For the most part, specific details on age and time allowed to work is still a state level issue.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

1. Fire broke out on the top floors of a 10 story building in New York City's garment district. Workers on the 9th floor were trapped by locked doors and fire escapes that crumpled under the weight of workers trying to escape the fire. Many jumped to their death. The workers were mainly women and recent Italian and European Jewish Immigrants. Some were as young as 14. Of 500 workers, 146 died as a result of the fire.

2. Saturday March 25, 1911. Many of the middle class were out enjoying the beautiful day and were witness to the tragedy. It is their outrage that will propel significant change in labor standards and fire safety and building codes.

3. This incident has had great significance to this day because it highlights the inhumane working conditions to which industrial workers can be subjected. The outrage of the middle class will lead to several reforms in NY that will serve as a model for state reform across the nation. In a little over 20 years, much of this legislation will be written into federal law as part of FDR's New Deal. A few of the reforms inspired by this incident:

• appoint city fire inspectors

• fire drills = compulsory

• unlocked and fire-proof exits (people cannot be locked into a public building)

• automatic sprinklers in buildings more than 7 stories high

• regulation of working conditions particularly for women and children

• workmen's compensation

Rose Schneiderman

1. Labor Activist and social reformer of the Progressive Era. She assisted the National Women's Trade Union League following the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire and then served as the NWTUL president from 1926-1950. She was also a prominent member of the ILGWU (International Ladies Garment Workers Union). After the Triangle Shirtwaist fire The ILGWU along with the NWTUL was able to respond immediately in an organized fashion to channel the outrage into action. They sent out a questionnaire about factory working conditions through local newspapers, and collected hundreds of responses from factory workers. They were thus able to document the extremely unsafe conditions in which many were forced to work. With this evidence, the NWTUL was able to form a coalition with many prominent members of the middle class and working class to initiate real change.

2. 1882-1972 (Rose), Action following the fire= immediate = 1911.

3. Spearheaded by activist such as this woman, progressive reform to protect workers became a reality. She will push for expanded role in the government and sough regulation to protect workers rights and to ensure business competition by getting rid of monopoly.

WCTU/ Women's Christian Temperance Union

1. opposed drinking because of its destructive effect on the family. Frances Willard was the president for 19 years.

2. Formed in the 1870s and still exists today although its influence is not as powerful as it once was.

3. Efforts were instrumental in the passage of the 18th amendment.

Frances Willard

1. American educator, temperance reformer and women's suffragist. Her vision progressed to include federal aid to education, free school lunches, unions for workers, the eight-hour work day, work relief for the poor, municipal sanitation and boards of health, national transportation, strong anti-rape laws and protection against child abuse.

2. 1839-1898

3. Best known for her efforts in Temperance. Her influence was instrumental in the passage of the 18th Amendment.

Ludlow Massacre

1. United Mine Workers led a strike in Colorado coalfields calling for safety, higher wages, and union recognition- families moved out of company houses into makeshift tent colonies provided by the union- coal companies brought in hostile mine guards- April 20th combination of Colorado National Guards and private guards surrounded the largest of tent colonies. Miners fought until there was no more ammunition then troops burned tent village to the ground routing the families and killing 14-

2. April 20, 1914, Four months before WWI begins in Europe and 3 years before U.S. entry into WWI.

3. aroused widespread protest and demonstrations against policies of Colorado Fuel and Iron and its owner John D. Rockefeller. According to Howard Zinn, this was a watershed moment in American labor relations. Congress responded to public outcry by directing the House Committee on Mines and Mining to investigate the incident. Its report, published in 1915, was influential in promoting child labor laws and an eight-hour workday.