Chapter 12: Renaissance and Reformation

Pope Paul III

________ perceived the need for change and took the bold step of appointing a Reform Commission in 1537 to determine the Churchs ills.

Leonardo da Vinci

________ , for example, was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician.

Humanist movement

The ________ had a profound effect on education.

fourteenth century

In the ________, the literary works of the Italian author Dante and the English author Geoffrey Chaucer helped make vernacular literature more popular.

humanist emphasis

The ________ on classical Latin led to its widespread use in the writings of scholars, lawyers, and theologians.

Martin Luther

________ was a monk and a professor at the University of Wittenberg, in Germany, where he lectured on the Bible.

Fresco

A(n) ________ is a painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water- based paints.

Machiavelli

________ was among the first to abandon morality as the basis for analyzing political activity.

Protestantism

________ had eliminated the idea that special holiness was associated with celibacy and had abolished both monasticism and the requirement of celibacy for the clergy.

mid sixteenth century

By the ________, Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most important and dynamic form of Protestantism.

Cosimo de Medici

In 1434, ________ took control of the city.

Bible

Through his study of the ________, Luther came to believe that humans are not saved through their good works but through their faith in God.

Calvin

In 1536, ________ began working to reform the city of Geneva.

fifteenth centuries

Throughout much of Europe, land- holding nobles were faced with declining incomes during the greater part of the fourteenth and ________.

Michelangelos figures

________ on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome reveal an ideal type of human being with perfect proportions.

Florence

In ________, the humanist movement took a new direction at the beginning of the fifteenth century.

Erasmus

________ sought reform within the Catholic Church.

Ulrich Zwingli

________ was a priest in Zürich.

Anabaptists

________ also believed in following the practices and the spirit of early Christianity.

Canterbury Tales

The ________ consists of a collection of stories told by a group of 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of Saint Thomas à Becket at Canterbury, England.

Sforza

________ was the leader of a band of mercenaries- soldiers who sold their services to the highest bidder.

family bond

The ________ was a source of great security in the dangerous urban world of Renaissance Italy.

Society of Jesus

The ________, known as the Jesuits, was founded by a Spanish nobleman, Ignatius of Loyola.

mid sixteenth century

By the ________, Lutheranism had become rooted in Germany and Scandinavia, and Calvinism had taken hold in Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, and eastern Europe.