ap gov unit 3 study guide

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1st Amendment

Protects freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition; bans the government from establishing or favoring a religion.

2nd Amendment

Grants the right to keep and bear arms.

4th Amendment

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures; requires a warrant based on probable cause.

6th Amendment

Guarantees a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury, legal counsel, and the right to confront witnesses.

8th Amendment

Prohibits excessive bail and fines and cruel and unusual punishment.

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

Speech creating a "clear and present danger" is not protected under the First Amendment.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Students have a right to symbolic speech in school, like wearing armbands to protest the Vietnam War.

New York Times v. U.S. (1971)

Government cannot use prior restraint to censor the press; freedom of the press is protected.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

School-led prayer violates the First Amendment's Establishment Clause.

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

The government cannot force Amish students to attend school past 8th grade due to Free Exercise rights.

D.C. v. Heller (2008)

Individuals have a right to own firearms under the Second Amendment.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Second Amendment rights apply to states through the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

The Sixth Amendment requires states to provide an attorney in criminal cases if the defendant can't afford one.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Legalized abortion by protecting privacy under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment.

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

Flag burning is protected symbolic speech under the First Amendment.

Selective Incorporation

The process where the Supreme Court applies parts of the Bill of Rights to states using the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause.

Clear and Present Danger

Rule from Schenck v. U.S. allowing limits on speech if it causes immediate harm.

Establishment Clause

First Amendment ban on government establishing or promoting religion (used in Engel v. Vitale).

Free Exercise Clause

First Amendment right allowing individuals to practice religion freely unless it violates laws or harms others.

Protected Speech

Includes political speech, symbolic speech (like armbands or flag burning), religious expression, and press freedom.

Unprotected Speech

Includes threats, incitement of violence, obscenity, defamation, and speech causing clear and present danger.

Exclusionary Rule

Evidence obtained illegally (without a proper warrant) cannot be used in court (Mapp v. Ohio).

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Applied the exclusionary rule to states; protects against illegal searches under the 4th Amendment.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning (right to remain silent, attorney).

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States.

14th Amendment

Grants citizenship and equal protection under the law; used for selective incorporation.

15th Amendment

Prohibits denying voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned discrimination in jobs, schools, and public places based on race, religion, sex, or origin.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Banned literacy tests and provided federal oversight of elections in areas with racial discrimination.

NAACP

Civil rights organization that uses courts and legal strategies to fight racial discrimination and segregation.

24th Amendment

Banned poll taxes in federal elections to protect voting rights.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Declared school segregation unconstitutional and ended "separate but equal" doctrine.

Equal Pay Act

Requires equal pay for men and women doing the same job in the same workplace.

Title IX

Bans sex-based discrimination in any education program receiving federal funds; impacted school sports and education.

Pro-Choice

Supports a woman's right to choose abortion as part of reproductive freedom and privacy.

Pro-Life

Opposes abortion, believing that life begins at conception and the fetus has a right to life.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote and banned sex-based discrimination in voting.

Federalist No. 78

Explains the importance of an independent judiciary and supports judicial review; courts are weakest but vital to protect rights.