Carbohydrates Part 2

Glucose (dextrose)

Is a blood sugar and the most abundant monosaccharide.

70-110 mg/dL

Normal Blood glucose levels are _____________

Glycogen or Fat

Excess glucose is stored as the polysaccharide ______________.

Insulin

Regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating the uptake of glucose into tissues or the formation of glycogen.

Diabetes

Patients with ____________ produce insufficient insulin to adequately regulate blood sugar levels, so they must monitor their diet and/or inject insulin daily.

Galactose

Is one of the components of the disaccharide lactose

Galactosemia

Patients with ______________ lack an enzyme needed to metabolize galactose, which accumulates and causes cataracts and cirrhosis.

Fructose

Is one of the components of the disaccharide sucrose

Ketohexose

It is a ____________ found in honey and almost twice as sweet as table sugar with the same number of calories per gram.

CHO

Carbs

CHON

Fundamental Elements of life

CHONS

Proteins

RCOH

Aldehyde

RCOR’

Ketone

Star Molecule

Glucose

5-5.0

________ glucose is commercially sold in dextrose and isotonic solution.

Maltose

Most Common (Glucose + Glucose)

Lactose

(Glucose + Galactose)

Sucrose

(Glucose + Fructose)

Roughage

Nutritional fiber in cellulose that can help prevent colon cancer

C6H12O6

Formula of Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

Acetal

Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides that are linked together by forming an _________.

alpha or beta

The glycosidic linkage joining the two rings can be ___________

alpha

The glycoside bond is down

beta

The glycoside bond is up

Hydrolysis

____________ cleaves the C-O glycosidic linkage and forms two monosaccharides

2 glucose

Hydrolysis of Maltose yields __________ molecules

1 galactose ring, 1 glucose ring

Lactose is the disaccharide in milk, it consists of __________ and __________ joined by a 1→4 beta-glycosidic bond

Lactase

(Lactose Intolerance) The disaccharide bond is cleaved by the enzyme __________ in the body.

Lactose Intolerant

Individuals who are lactose intolerant no longer produce the enzyme lactase

Lactase

Without the enzyme ___________, lactose cannot be digested, causing abdominal cramps and diarrhea

1 glucose ring, 1 fructose ring

Sucrose is a disaccharide consisting of _________ and _________.

Sucrose

Is very sweet, but contains many calories.

Artificial Sweeteners

To reduce caloric intake, many ______________ have been developed.

Aspartame

(Sold as Equal) is hydrolyzed into phenylalanine, which cannot be processes by those individuals with the condition phenylketonuria.

Phenylketonuria

Aspartame is hydrolyzed into phenylalanine, which cannot be processed by those individuals with the condition ___________

Saccharine

(Sold as Sweet’n Low) was used extensively during World War I

Sucralose

(Sold as Splenda) has a very similar structure to sucrose