AICE International History Chapter 1: Emergence of World Powers TEST

Kruger Telegram

Communication that Kaiser Wilhelm II of germany sent to President Kruger of Transvall - it was a congrats on defeating the british in first Boer War

Opium Wars

"FIrst War: 1839-1842

Second War: 1856

British v China, british won all of the wars

~Britain got to have citizens live in china under british laws
~china must have open harbors"

Taiping Rebellion

"1850-1864
Civil war inside of china

20 million people died

Deadliest civil war in world history

British and foreign powers helped squash the rebellion"

1st Sino Japanese War

"1894
Chinese V Japan

Japan Won

China was not industrialized, japan was

More weapons = japan"

Boxer Rebellion

"1898-1901
Between the Chinese government. And foreign nations

The 8 foreign nations won

They got beijing, 67 million pounds

By 20th century most of china had foreign control"

Commodore Matthew Perry

"US Naval fleet arrived to japan in 1853-1854

He was the naval commander brought letter from the US Prez to japan to continue fair trade"

Russo- Japanese War

"1904-1905

Between russia and japan

The fight was over korea and port arthur

Russia did not want to negotiate went to war

Japan won because of its excellent navy and torpedoes."

Treaty of Portsmouth

"AUG. 1905

In New Hampshire, US

Russians and japan signed the ending of the russo -japanese war

Japan got korea and port arthur

Hosted by Theodre Rossevelt"

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

"1848

Mexico & U.S.

Ended war, mexico come to U.S. and U.S. acquired land that would eventually become states (Cali, Nevada, Utah, NM, AZ, CO)"

Protectionism

The planning of high tariffs on imports in order to protect domestic industries from foreign competition, protectionism is the opposite of FREE trade.

Treaty of Paris

"December 10 1898

Between U.S. and spanish governments to end the war

U.S. got guam, Puerto Rico, philippians and some control of Cuba

Cuba got independence from spain"

patriotism

Love and pride for your own country, less extreme version of nationalism

Maxim gun

A recoil operated machine gun that was invented in 1884 by Maxim, it was the first fully automatic machine gun

Common statements used to justify imperial expansion:

Must expand in order to keep up with surrounding countries and to show strength to the world, and become a powerful nation. Overall, in order to compete with world powers.

What economic factors encouraged European nations to seek overseas possessions in the late 19th century:

Mercantilism where the government was controlling the goods and the new trading opportunities encouraged European nations to seek overseas expansion.

How did these european nations attempt to justify the takeover of African territory:

By saying it was their moral duty to abolish slavery in African and that the Europeans had a moral duty to provide order and stability to the civilizations (social darwinism)

Britain

Was interested in the Indian ocean trading routes, and the discovery of gold, diamonds and other valuables in Africa.

France

Wanted a popular military success, wanted raw materials as well like palm oil and timber.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Emperor of germany after first Kaiser, was very aggressive with imperialism techniques and starting beef

Boer Wars

"First Boer War 1880-1881
Between dutch boer farmers and british

Used gorilla warfare

Dutch WON

Self govern now


Second Boer War 1899-1902
Germans gave the dutch weapons

British won

They got transvaal and orange free state

Almost complete control of south africa"

Boer

A dutch farmer in africa

Treaty of Vereeniging

1902 - British won, the Boer war and got Transvall and orange free state for control

Treaty of Shimonoseki

"Signed in 1895
Treaty ended the sino-japanese war

China had to give japan: Korea, Taiwan(Formosa), Port Arthur"

Scorched earth strategy

Burned down everything in path, town villages and leave nothing behind, decimate it.

What reasons did Kaiser Wilhelm II give to explain his decision to expand the German Navy:

"In order for respect to be given

Must be a powerful country

And they need a powerful fleet to protect commerce

Were all reasons for the expansion of german navy"

What two non European countries were also seeking to exploit China's Weakness:

The U.S. and Japan were also seeking to exploit China's weakness through open door policy and Sino- Japanese Wars.

Western Powers

A term used to refer to the European countries with the most powerful economies, armies and navies and the US.

Twenty-one Demands

"1915
Claims made by the Japanese government to have control over chinese territory"

Make a list of reasons to explain why Britain allied with Japan in 1902:

"To counter threats of Russia and its expansion

A protect their interests in the region which is the far east like China"

Make a list of reasons to explain why Japan allied with Britain in 1902:

"For japan to protect themselves from russian expansions and military threats

Japan was finally recognized as an equal to the European powers (made them a world power)"

How did time prove that the purchase of Alaska was not an act of folly:

Time proves that the purchase of Alaska was NOT an act of folly as it became a state in 1959, and the land had many natural resources such as timber, minerals and oils at just 2 CENTS an ACRE.

What problems did canal workers encounter in constructing the canal:

The problems the canal workers encountered while constructing the Panama canal were facing yellow fever, malaria and soft volcanic soil.

How was the principle of the Roosevelt Corollary different from that of the Monroe Doctrine:

Roosevelt's corollary that's different from the monroe doctrine is that the U.S. would use force to make sure no european nations comes to take the countries in the area over for colonialism.

annexation

Taking possession of territory, usually by force or without permission

USS Maine

Naval ship that sank in Havana Harbor on Feb 15, 1898 contributing to outbreak of Spanish- American War.

William McKinley

"25th Prez
1897-1901

Got assassinated and was president during spanish -american war"

Platt Amendment

Defined the relationship between cuba and the U.S. following the spanish american war, protected cubas right of independence from foreign intervention

Woodrow Wilson

"28th President of US

1913-1921

President during WW1"

In what ways might the closing of the frontier encouraged the US to seek overseas territorial possessions:

Closing the frontier had Americans looking abroad for fresh, new opportunities, these could include opportunities for economics.

Why were some American entrepreneurs able to become enormously wealthy during the late 19th century?

"Wealthy due to:

New methods of mass production

Corporations were developed

Large quantities of raw materials: oil and iron

More population = more labor

Tariffs on international trade

And development of stock market"

Archduke Franz-Ferdinand

"1863-1914
Was the presumptive to the throne in Austria-Hungary

Assassinated in 1914 a cause of WW1"

Powder Keg of Europe

An area of Europe by the Balkans that was liable to a situation happening, meaning one more big event could trigger a blow, which is a war. (a lot of tension)

Trench Warfare

"A type of military combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other
Introduced in WW1 and was used a lot throughout the war"

Total war

A war that is unrestricted in terms of weapons used and the territory or combatants involved, laws of war are disregarded.

"World War I
'The great War'
'The War to end all wars'"

"July 28, 1914- November 11, 1918
Between the allies and central powers

Allies won, dismantling empires such as, germany, ottoman empire and Austria-Hungary

As a result europe broke into several new countries and governance"

Why didn't the US enter WW1 in 1914:

The U.S. did not enter war in 1914 because it felt it was purely a European conflict, and that we preferred to stay neutral.

How did President Wilson justify US entry in WW1 1917:

"Justified because
Zimmerman telegram was intercepted by british so we were able to see the plans of possible invasion by Mexico and german forces

That the unrestricted german submarine attacks need to be stopped"

In what ways did the US benefit from WW1

"US benefit from WW1
Women's suffrage movement began

Less people meant more opening for job market

Economy was being helped by the production of the war materials"

Ending time of WW1

11 A.M on November 11, 1918

Dates to remember

"6/28/1914 - Archduke and Wife Assassinated
7/28/1914 - WW1 BEGINS
4/6/1917 - US enters WW1
11/11/1918 - @11 AM WW1 WAR ENDS"

Imperialism

Policy of extending a nation's power by gaining political and economic control over MORE territory

Mercantilism

An economic policy based on the belief that there is only a limited amount of wealth. Government had firm control over aspects of trades and goods.

Berlin Conference

1884-1885 - Major world powers met to divide Africa - concluded with the regulating of European colonization and trade in Africa (aka Scramble for Africa.)

King Leopold II

King of Belgium his role in Africa was that he colonized the Congo Free State, which he exploited to make money. Known for his cruel nature to african inhabitants.

Cecil Rhodes

He was the prime minister of cape colony and organizer of the diamond - mining company

Dr. David Livingstone

"First European to cross the continent into Africa, he discovered major central African Lakes.
He was a scottish physician and christian missionary"

Henry Stanley

british - american explorer and journalist, his role in africa was searching for Dr. David Livingstone.

Nationalism

Belief that your country is superior over others in terms of ethnicity, culturally, politically and historically

Social Darwinism

The european belief that they had a duty to bring commerce and christianity and civilization to those of different races (Africans)

New Imperialism

A period of colonial expansion by European powers. This "New" was fueled by technology and social advancements

quinine

A drug used to treat malaria

What political factors encouraged the seeking of overseas possessions by european nations:

The political factors of seeking overseas possessions were the potential growth of nationalism and imperialism as a major social policy, this would help unite people regardless of wealth and social status.

Suez Canal, Why was it so important?

It made trade routes much quicker and cleaner allowing for more efficient and quicker trade.

Why did germany enter the race for african territory later than the other European nations:

Germany was so recent to becoming a unified nation, so they were just beginning their imperialism journey.

Belgium

King Leopold II wanted to boost the prestige, used his own money to pay for the territory, and gained large quantities of raw rubber.

Portugal

Did not want to be left behind in acquiring territory in Africa, and also had long-standing contacts with the African coast.

Germany

Wanted to form alliances as germany was just starting off as a new country, in addition they had pressure from many german industries to allow the gaining of african territory

Fashoda Incident

"1898 - clash between Britain and France, reached compromise before going to war.
Britain got

Egypt and Sudan


French got

Morocco"

Germany's 'Place in the Sun'

A policy of weltpolitik (world policy) by Wilhelm II, was to seek overseas possessions, this meant that Germany would be powerful and have a place on the world stage. Wanted to be competitive with the british

Entente Cordiale

Agreement between French and British, began an alliance.

Agadir Crisis (Algeciras Crisis)

"1911 Kaiser Wilhelm (Germany) sent a boat to the Moroccan port of Agadir

Britain sided with France, britain sent best navy to have Kaiser back down"

Paul Krugger

He was the transvaal president (dutch) helped with Boer Wars

Leander Starr Jameson

"Pro - british force leader

Trying to take transvaal away from the dutch control"

"Berlin Conference
Treaty of Berlin"

"1884-1885
Organized by otto von bismarck

Free passage shall be given to all ships on Niger / congo rivers both of which provided access to the African interior

Slavery should be abolished throughout African continent, this provided justification for imperialism"

Anglo- Zulu War

"1879
Between the british and african Zulu tribe

African lost - british had better guns

Zulu used guerrilla warfare"

1899 US 'Open Door Policy' in China

"1899
United states negotiated

Insured all foreign nations could equally trade with china and that one nation does not have full control of china"

Why would the expansion of the German navy cause concern in Britain:

The germans would be concentrated in the North Sea which posed risks to Britain security, this is why Britain would be concerned with Germany's expansion of their navy.

Britain and France become much more friendly by the end of the 19th century, what are the two main reasons for this:

"Britain continued to defend Frances efforts in Morocco

Britain and france formed alliance over Germans aggressive military efforts"

Why was China, unable to offer effective resistance to European imperialism:

"Dealing with so many wars and constant battle with opium

Not industrialized like other nations"

What factors might explain why Britain found it so difficult to defeat a relatively small number of Boer farmers:

The factors that made it difficult for the British to defeat the Boer farmers were that these Boers knew their land better and used gorilla warfare.

Why did other European nations object to the methods that britain used to defeat the boers:

The European nations objected to British methods due to the British scorched earth policy, nations labeled it as harsh and bullying.

What were the implications of the Boer Wars for British foreign policy:

They were labeled as bullies and harsh due to the scorched earth methods and how they were unable to defeat the Boers in a large way as everyone would view this hurt them especially with alliance making.

Japanese Feudalism

"Type of political and economic systems that Japan had been using for centuries before industrialization

Sets up social classes

Emperor top, peasants bottom"

Bartering

The trading of goods without the use of money; exchanging one thing in payment for another

Meiji Restoration

"New political system in Japan

1867-1868

Control is now underneath the emperor he will rapidly industrialize japan"

Anglo-Japanese Alliance

"1902 signed

Britain and japan agreed to remain neutral if either country was involved in war

Yet if they got into a war with 2 or more opponents then they would come to help

Anglo = british

British recognized that japan had the right to korea

Japan will protect the british fleet in the far east"

Make a list of the main factors which made the rapid modernization of Japan possible:

"Meiji Restoration - resulted in adopting western ways

Started a model of unification by copying the germans

Stated industrial development, helped education systems

Expand the military"

Why, in the late 19th century, did Japan begin to look for overseas possessions:

Japan started looking for overseas possessions because they wanted to gain resources that they lacked.

Why did Japan's victory in the 1st Sino-Japanese War both surprise and concern the major European Nations:

Japan's win surprised the European nations because of how Japan was so newly industrialized, that it was unexpected for them to win such a big war. And beat a big global power like that of china. And it posed threats to countries' own imperialist interests in China like russia.

List the factors that enabled Japan to defeat a major European country in the Russo- Japanese War of 1904-1905: "Their industrialized military

Alliance with britain - they blocks the suez canal so russians would take a longer time to get there

Modernized military techniques - torpedoes

Modern war ships"

How did Japan benefit from WW1

Japan benefited from WW1 as they got an increase in exports of cotton and their merchant fleet was able to double in size. The shipbuilding industry was also boosted, there we were able to get a lot of influence in china.

Why do you think the chinese government finally accepted the demands on May 8, 1915:

The Chinese government finally accepted the 21 demands due to their efforts to prevent war with japan. They wanted peace in the region.

Explain the importance of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase:

Importance of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and Gadsden Purchase, as these led to the U.S. growing in size, by 1/3 . This led to the accumulation of U.S. states such as California, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and wyoming. They also got the Rio Grande border that the US wanted.

What were the results of Roosevelt's negotiations with the Japanese and Russians:

"The results of Roosevelt's negotiations with Japan and Russia was he won the 1906 nobel peace prize and
Japan got half of Sakhalin Island, Manchuria and Korea.

Russia got other half of Sakhalin island and didn't have to pay Japan at all"

Why was the U.S. so interested in building the Panama Canal:

The U.S. was so interested in the Panama Canal, because it would reduce the travel team between the atlantic and pacific for merchant or commercial ships

Manifest Destiny

"19th century belief that justified the expansion of the U.S.

Believe we were destined by religion to expand westward across north america"

isolationism The policy of keeping one's country separated from the affairs of other nations by avoiding alliance and international commitments.

Louisiana Purchase "1803

Acquisition of territory of louisiana aby the US, from the French

Purchased for $15 million

Got land west of mississippi - expand U.S. empire"

Treaty of Oregon

"1846

Between U.S. and Britain over a boundary dispute (U.S. -canada border)

U.S gained control over forest and good agriculture land and access to the pacific"

Monroe Doctrine

"1823
Stated U.S. would not interfere in European affairs, yet any attempt by the european power to interfere w/ american would be an act of aggression"