Child Development Exam 1

development

a pattern of change beginning at conception

growth

stability

decline

3 components of development

biological

cognitive

psychosocial

3 developmental domains

biological

domain of development which includes

• body growth

• sensation and perception

• fine/gross motor

• brain growth

cognitive

domain of development which includes

• language/literacy

• intelligence

• memory

psychosocial

domain of development which includes

• relationships

• personality

• emotions

prenatal

infancy/toddlerhood

early childhood

middle childhood

4 developmental periods

conception to birth

the prenatal period is which ages?

prenatal

time of most development

0-2

the infancy/toddlerhood period is which ages?

infancy/toddlerhood

from extreme dependency to autonomy

2-6

the early childhood period is which ages?

early childhood

self-sufficiency and school readiness

“the preschool years”

7-12

the middle childhood period is which ages?

middle childhood

mastery over self and others

“the school age years”

orderly

cumulative

directional

universal features of development

multidisciplinary

scientific

applied

the study of child development is…

stone ages

when childhood was first viewed as a distinct developmental period

medieval times

6th-15th century

believed children were vulnerable

evidence of childhood shown through

• toys, songs, and games

• church records

• medical records

• manuals

• laws

protestant reformation

16th century

believed that children were born evil, stubborn, and with original sin

enlightenment

17th-18th century

Locke’s tabula rasa

Rosseau’s noble savages

tabula rasa

Locke

children are blank slates

parents must write on these blank slates

noble savages

Rosseau

children are born with a plan for orderly and healthy growth

parents should prepare the road and get out of the way

modern day

19th-21st century

Hall and Gesell’s normative child study movement

normative child study movement

Hall and Gesell

viewed development as a universal, genetic-based maturation process

calculated age related norms

cephelo-caudal

proximal-distal

2 trends in development found by Hall and Gesell

protect the rights of children under 18

sole purpose of the CRC

UN convention on the rights of children

what does CRC stand for?

196

the CRC has been ratified by ____ countries

54

the CRC has ____ articles

conception

the CRC believes that child rights begin at ____

rights holders

duty bearers

according to the CRC,

children are ____
adults are _____

false

T/F: the US has ratified the CRC

US sovereignty/State’s rights

parent’s rights

Why has the US not ratified the CRC?

search institue

promotes positive youth development and equity

measures developmental assets

provides a framework for action

20.6 / 40

the attitudes and behavior survey found that children endorse _____ of their assets

healthy relationships

strengthening assets requires ______

observable

systematic

testable

scientific research is ____

describe

explain

predict

theories are meant to ____

true

T/F: no single theory explains all aspects of development

nature

development follows a universal pathway determined by genetics

emphasizes commonalities

nurture

environment impacts development

emphasizes differences

continuity

gradual quantitative change

discontinuity

abrupt, qualitative change

development in stages

early experiences

on a predetermined pathway

late experiences

a person’s experience can change the course of one’s life

psychoanalytic theories

development is an unconscious process marked by conflict

parenting shapes personality

Freud’s psychosexual theory

psychological health requires sexual urges to be fully satisfied across 5 stages

all or nothing

personality is fully developed by adolescence

Erikson’s psychosocial theory

psychological health requires the relative satisfaction of affiliation needs across 8 stages

balance of care

personality development is a lifelong process

nature and nurture

early experience

discontinuity

key issues of psychoanalytic theories

behaviorism

emphasized scientific research

development is a conscious process marked by learning principles

inspired by tabula rasa

Watson

used classical conditioning through the Little Albert case study

viewed the environment as the supreme force in development

classical conditioning

when paired with a negative stimulus, a neutral stimulus will evoke a negative response

Skinner

used operant conditioning

operant conditioning

behavior is a function of its consequences

reinforcement

______ increases behavior

positive

reinforcement that presents something desirable

negative

reinforcement that removes something undesirable

punishment

_____ decreases behavior

presentation

punishment that presents something undesirable

removal

punishment that removes something desirable

Bandura

created the observational learning theory

bridged the gap between behaviorism and cognitive theories

observational learning

aka social (cognitive) learning theory

reassigns an active role to the child

• attend

• retain

• motivate

• produce

nurture

continuity

early and late experiences

key issues of behaviorism

cognitive theories

emphasize conscious thoughts

Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory

children actively construct knowledge via independent discovery across 4 stages

children are born with schemes in the brain that mature over time

schemes

building blocks of knowledge in the brain that mature over time

adaptation

children develop new schemes to better represent the world

assimilation

take in info and relate it to already learned knowledge

accommodation

new ways of making sense of the world

assimilation

accommodation

two types of adaptation

sensorimotor

preoperational

concrete operational

formal operational

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

0-2

which ages is the sensorimotor stage?

sensorimotor stage (0-2)

thinking is a function of senses and motor activity

preoperational stage (2-7)

symbolic thinking

concrete operational stage (7-11)

thinking becomes logical and organized about physical objects

formal operational stage (12 and up)

thinking becomes logical and organized about abstract objects

nature and nurture

early and late experiences

discontinuity

key issues of Piaget’s cognitive development theory

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

children actively construct knowledge via social interactions with adults or more knowledgeable peers

language

Vygotsky believed _____ drives cognitive development

zone of proximal development

the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but that can be learned with guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children

scaffolding

changing the level of support

nature and nurture

early and late experiences

continuity

key issues of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

information processing theory

the mind is a symbol manipulating system

mental operations underlie changes in the speed/capacity of the brain

nature and nurture

early and late experiences

continuity

key issues of the information processing theory

ethology

look at the adaptive value of behavior

Lorenz’s imprinting

an inborn behavior in geese where they follow the first moving object they see

critical period

a fixed period of time in which organisms are biologically prepared to learn a behavior

Bowlby’s human imprinting

babies are born with innate reflexes that keep caregivers close

sensitive period

there is an optimal period to develop relationships/learn, but it is still possible later in life

nature

early experiences

discontinuity

key issues of ethology

ecological systems theory

emphasized the complex, dynamic influence of the environment and development

Bronfenbrenner

who developed the ecological systems theory?

microsystem

mesosystem

exosystem

macrosystem

4 systems of the ecological system theory

microsystem

the child’s immediate environment

mesosystem

connections among the microsystem

exosystem

indirectly effect the child

macrosystem

values, cultures, and beliefs of society

nurture

early and late experiences

continuity

key issues of the ecological systems theory