PRAXIS 5403 Social Science Special Ed

IDEA

Passed in 1975

Guarantees all children with disabilities qualifying under its definitions a free and appropriate education (FAPRE0 I the east restrictive learning environment (LRE)

Required transition plans in 1990

Took away discrepancy model in 2004

4 Parts of IDEA

PART A: availability to all children with disabilities of a free appropriate education, protection of the rights of those children and their families, help federal agencies US states, educational service agencies, and local educational agencies provide for educating all children with disabilities

PART B: provide funding to us states for delivering services to children and youth with disabilities

PART C: Early intervention programs for infants and toddlers with disabilities

PART D: Inform professionals and families of research and information including parent training and information (PTI) center operation, identifying best and promising practice teacher education, technology development, and public information dissemination

504

definition under this law of disabilities is a physical or mental impairment that interferes significantly with major life activities, even with the assistance of aids, devices, or medications

FERPA

Parent rights to inspect/ review children's educational records post-secondary student rights to inspect/ review records, parental rights to challenge educational records content, right to consent to educational records disclosure

PARC vs. commonwealth of PA

FAPE for all kids 6-21 regardless of degree of impairment

*happened along side Mills vs. Board Ed

Lau vs. Nichols

Supreme Court rule that schools that do not provide special help for children with limited English are limiting their civil rights.This is landmark legislation for bilingual education in the U.S.(1974). The Supreme Court ruled that school districts must help non-English speaking students learn English.

Hendrick Hudson Central School vs. Rowley

Deaf student who was denied additional sign- language interpreter

Court decided she was not receiving FAPE, defined as equal opportunity to achieve her full potential

Irving Independent School District v. Tatro

Student needed CIC administration during the day.

Forced schools to provide non- physician required medical services to allow a physically impaired student to attend school

Oberti vs BOE

A student with down syndrome was denied access to regular education even though it was requested

cannot exclude kids from LRE because they require modifications

Cannot exclude kids from LRE because they require modifications

Newport-Mesa Unified School District v. State of California Department of Education (2010)

Have to provide parents a copy or access to test protocols if requested

Larry vs. Riles

Which case/ law was based on African Americans being labeled as having a disability because they we're given test that favored upper middle class white men

- Must account for cultural backgrounds when conducting IQ assessments

single subject design

a research design that requires only one or a few subjects in order to conduct an entire experiment

Interobserver agreement is commonly used with

action research

Research conducted by teachers and other school personnel to address issues and problems in their own schools or classrooms.

Focuses on a direct and specific setting

Problem Solving Method

1. Describe the problem

2. Define the problem- potential Ethical legal issues

3. Consult legal guidelines

4. Evaluate the rights, responsibility, and welfare of all affected parties

5. Generate a list of alternative decisions possible for each issue

6. Consider the consequences of each possible decision consulting with supervisors and colleagues may be helpful

7. Consider evidence of consequences and benefits likely to occur from each decision

8. Make the decision and take responsibility for it, Document the problem- solving process and steps above.

Steps for FBA

1. describe the problem behavior

2. Perform the assessment

3. Evaluate the assessment results

4. Develop the hypothesis

5. Form the intervention plan

6. Implementation

7. Evaluate the Effectiveness

Whole Interval Recording

A time sampling method for measuring behavior in which the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals (typically from 5 to 15 seconds). At the end of each interval, the observer records whether the target behavior occurred throughout the entire interval; tends to underestimate the proportion of the observation period that many behaviors actually occurred.

Frequency/Event Recording

a method of collecting data on a student's target behavior that is discrete and countable within a specified time period.

Number of behaviors that occurred through out the entire interval- count the number of occurances

Duration Recording

recording the elapsed time during which a behavior occurs

amount of time between the initiation of a response and it's conclusion

Length of time

Latency Recording

Specify when to start recording (at the onset or the offset of the stimulus).

Specify when to stop recording (at the beginning or end of the response cycle).

Time Sampling Interval Recording

Select a time period for observation, divide period into a number of equal intervals, and record whether or not behavior occurs.

Common in single subject

Partial Interval Recording

a time sampling method in which the observer records whether the target behavior occurred at any time during the interval

Momentary Time Sampling

a measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors are recorded at precisely specified time intervals

LEAST BIASED

Four Ethical Principles

Principal 1: Respecting the dignity and rights or all persons

Principal 2: Professional Competence and Responsibility

Principal 3:Honesty and Integrity in Professional Relationships

Principal 4: Responsibility to Schools, Families, Communities, the Profession, and Society

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development

Trust vs. mistrust (infant)

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (2-3)

Initiative vs. guilt (3-5) Elementary School

Industry vs. inferiority (6-11) Elementary School

Identity vs. role confusion (teenagers) Middle and High School

Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood) High School/ College

Generativity vs. stagnation (middle age)

Ego integrity vs. despair (old age)

Gordon Allport

trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary

Hippocrates

Posted the earliest theories of personality in the 5th century

Four "Humors" or bodily fluids

William Sheldon

theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment; endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), ectomorphic (skinny)

A.D. Galen

Expanded Hippocrates by specifying those dominated by blood and yellow bile

Big 5 Personality Traits

1. extraversion

2. agreeableness

3. neuroticism

4. conscientiousness

5. openness to experience

norm-referenced tests

Standardized assessments intended to compare a student's performance with the performance of others

Frued's 5 stages

1. Oral (birth- 1 month)

2. Anal (2-3)

3. Phallic (4-5) discovery on conscious and unconscious sexual desires

4. Latency (6-12) Child's sexuality becomes latent (ego mechanism)

5. Genital (13-18) Developing mature sexual intimacy

Observational measures of school psych

focus on the processes of behavior, products of behavior, and direct observation

Activity- Based Inventory

NOT designed to explore grades, but rather family, friends, and games

Child Behavior Checklist

This tool is used for minors 4 through 18. The CBCL investigates behavior problems among children to address the issues of social competency and behavior. It contains a total of 138 items to determine social and behavioral discrepancies among minors.

REPORTED BY PARENTS

Alfred Binet

1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French)

PUBLISHED THE FIRST WORKING INTELLIGENCE TEST IN 1905

Lewis Terman

revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children; tested group of young geniuses and followed in a longitudinal study that lasted beyond his own lifetime to show that high IQ does not necessarily lead to wonderful things in life

David Wechsler

Developed WAIS and WISC (IQ tests)

ADDED NONVERBAL AS WELL AS VERBAL MEASURES

Raymond Cattell

Created culture-free intelligence test in 1949.

In 1963 he identified the distinction between crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence

EF a student must use to succeed in school?

- retrieve previously learned information

- organize a report, essay, or project parts

- assign appropriate priority to each item

What is most effective for developing phonemic awareness?

combination of both oral and print teaching

Maslow's Hierchy of Needs

physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualization (top)

Program Evaluation Approaches- Identified by Steele

-Includes models that evaluate programs according to types of data collected and analyzed and types of activities performed within the program being evaluated

-models using approaches of evaluating the individual component of the program

-category of results- seeing if the stated objectives of the program have been met or not

Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Can be used together in the same program evaluation

- can bean advantage as they are differing strengths and weaknesses and provide different kinds of data

Quantitative

relating to, measuring, or measuring by the quantity of something rather than its quality.

EASIER TO GENERALIZE FINDINGS

EASIER TO SUMMARIZE FINDINGS AND COMPARE GROUPS

Qualitative

Easier to go into greater depth and detail

SMALLER GROUPS OF PEOPLE

Vygotsky's Scaffolding

Support that adults give children as they are learning new skills, but have not yet mastered them

TEMPORARY

Internal Loci of Control

Individuals with internal loci of control attribute successes to their own efforts and failures to their own lack of effort, locating the sources of control of their outcomes within themselves

Dan Olweus

Developed a bullying prevention program

school level, individual level, classroom- level

NOT SCHOOL SYSTEM

DESIGNED MAINLY FOR HIGH SCHOOL

Categories of evidence that can be used to verify test validity?

- how much content of the assessment aligns with standards

-how the assessment, is related to other measures of proficiency

-how much accurate results are ensured in the response process

RATER CONSISTENCY IS NOT A CATEGORY OF EVIDENCE, BUT A MEASURE OF TEST RELIABILITY

ipsative measurement

- comparing a student's current score to the same student's previous score

- comparing scoring of different subtests within the same test instrument

- comparing a student's score on different scales, equating score variance

Joesph Renzulli

3 ring conception of giftedness

1. Creativity: may be smart, but not creative

2. Task Commitment

3. Ability

ID IQ's

MID ID: between 40-55

Mild ID: between 50-70

Severe ID: between 25-40

longitudinal research design

Research in which individuals are studied over an extended period of time, often over multiple developmental stages.

Cross-sectional design

groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time

cross-sequential design

a combination of the longitudinal and cross-sectional designs

Goals for school admin in implementing a safe school-wide plan

- providing leadership in developing the plan, monitoring, and evaluating it

- creating a program where in they can continually track school crime, report it, give feedback on it, and communicate this information to those concerned

- designing the schools environment to assure that traffic to, from, and within schools is kept safe

- school planning team or safety council to advise and decided about school crime cases, assess the safety of the school, and propose changes to the safety plan and code of discipline as needed

ABA

effective in classroom learning and other areas

prepare it as a treatment for: ID, Autism, brain injuries

Conflict resolution for children

understand, don't make things worse, and work together

Crisis management planning level's

Building, district, team

School Climate Assessment Measures

education, training, research character education survey

Tribes assessment questionnaire

CASE 1987

Change in DSM-5 that better aligns it with global healthcare organizations

Added the world health organizations disability assessment schedule to Section III

Hippocampus

The largest structure in the limbic system

forming new explicit memories

Hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

Amygdala

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

frontal lobe

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

parietal lobe

receives sensory input for touch and body position

temporal lobe

hearing

occipital lobe

vision

Wernicke's aphasia

inability to comprehend speech

can't understand what you say

Pavlov

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

Learning based on the consequences of responding.

Stanley Hall

American psychologist who established first research lab and American Psychological Association.

"STORM AND STRESS"

margret mead and ruth benedict

Cultural anthropologists

Jeffrey J. Arnett

Confirms adolescent experience varies according to culture

Freud's Ego Defense Mechanisms

Ways for the Ego to find and cope with impulses threatening it.

1. Compensation: strengthen one to hide another

2.: Denial: Refuse to face a neg. behavior

3. Displacement: take it out on someone else

4. Identification: attach to something positive

5. Introjection: confirm feelings for approval

6. Projection: see your faults and foibles in others

7. Rationalization: Excuse and justify mistakes

8. Reaction Formation: pretend you are different

9. Regression: putting things into darkness

Ritual and undoing: override negative with habit

10. sublimation: divert negative into acceptable

Carl Rogers

Humanisic; self-concept and unconditional positive regard drive personality

Pioneered person-centered or client-centered therapy

Albert Bandura

researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment

self-efficiancy

Walter Mischel

Believes human behavior is largely determined by the situation rather than trait

encoding. expectancies, beliefs- these things determine how a person behaves in a given situation

Nancy Cantor

proposed the cognitive prototype approach in which cognitive behavior (such as the formulation of and attention to prototypes) is examined in social situations

3 dimensions: life goals, knowledge relevant to social interactions, and strategies for implementing goals

3 interactions form different behavior patterns that from personality

Batsons Motivations for Pro-Social Behavior

Altruism: acting for the benefit of others

Egoism: helping others to benefit oneself

Collectivism: helping for the benefit of a group (family, political party, etc.)

Spearman

proposed that general intelligence is linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis (he made up factor analysis)

Gardner

Theory of multiple intelligences

*Cattell used factor analysis to conclude spearman's idea

*Sternberg formulated the triarchic therapy of intelligence

Noam Chomsky

language development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language

THEORIZED UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR

Edward Sapir

the difference in language create difference in thought

Benjamin Whorf

language; his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think

Piget's Theory of Cognitive Development

consisted of four stages called, sensorimotor stage, pre operational stage, concrete stage, and formal stage.

Made extensive use of naturalistic observation of children

Skinner

behavior modification

content validity

measures the complete range of the domain being tested

criterion validity

the extent to which a measure is related to an outcome

construct validity

the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure

split-half reliability

dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are

measures internal consitancy

Lightner Witmer

founded the first psychological clinic

Advocated for children with special needs

James Cattell

A leading figure in the study of intelligence who proposed separate fluid and crystallized intelligences

helped establish psych as a science

Wundt

father of psychology

Gesell

First American school psychologist