TTU K-12 World History 1B Review

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Louis Pasteur

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Nicolas II

last tsar of russia. executed in 1917

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

Nazi Party

German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule.

William Wilberforce

British reformer who led the abolitionist movement that ended the British slave trade in 1807.

Margaret Thatcher

Conservative British Prime Minister and first women to head a major European government (1925-)

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Indira Gandhi

Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister. She was also prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977.

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Oscar Romero

Archbishop of San Salvador also known as the defender of the poor. He was assassinated on March 24th as he celebrated mass.

Al Qaeda

a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Turkish nationalist leader who became the first president of modern Turkey in the 1920's and set about to modernize and Westernize Turkey, including making it more secular

Marie Curie

Notable female Polish/French chemist and physicist around the turn of the 20th century. Won two nobel prizes. Did pioneering work in radioactivity.

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

The Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

World War I

A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918.

World War II (1939-1945)

The most destructive war in human history; America entered the war in 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

The Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

The Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

The Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

The Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

The Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

Opium trade with China

Great Britain illegally traded Opium with China for Tea

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

September 11, 2001

September 11, 2001
*Day of attacks by terrorist cells connected to the Al Qaeda network, which was led by Osama bin Laden, a Saudi dissident
*Al Qaeda operatives hijacked two airliners and crashed them into NY's World Trade Center, destroying the buildings and killing thousands
*Another hijacked plane hit the Pentagon in Washington, D.C.
*A final hijacked plane was diverted from its mission, crashing in Pennsylvania
*As a result of the attacks, Congress passed the USA Patriot Act, which broadened government authority to gather intelligence and further defined crimes that were punishable as terrorism
*Attacks led to the invasion of Afghanistan

Transportation Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation.

The American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

The French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

The Independence of African Nations

when several African declared independence from Britain

Chinese Revolution of 1911

The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century.

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

The Byzantine Empire

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.

The Soviet Union

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.

European Imperialism

The collapse of European power leads colonies in Asia and Africa to seek their independence (400 years of European imperialism ends!)

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

The Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

The Civil Rights Movement

movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens

Isaac Newton

English physicist and mathematician

HIV/AIDS

the virus that causes AIDS, spread through bodily fluids rather than casual contact or airborne

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

The Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

U.S. Constitution

The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

The Steam Engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

Women's Rights Movement

an organized effort to improve political, legal and economic status of women in American society

Military Technology

-Trench Warfare
-Artillery
-Poison Gas
-Air Warfare
-Tanks
-Naval Warfare
-Flame Throwers

The Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

The Kodak Camera

George Eastman put the first simple camera (the kodak) into the hands of a world of consumers in 1888

The internet

A global network connecting millions of computers, making it possible to exchange information.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Suffrage

the right to vote

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

free enterprise system

an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Full Scale War

Such as world wars or civil wars

War of Attrition

A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses

The Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

Radical Islam

a militant, politically activist ideology whose ultimate goal is to create a worldwide community, or caliphate (a chief Islam civil and religious ruler), of Muslim believers. willing to do anything necessary to achieve this new order including violence and mass murder. Their actions characterized by their contempt for other religions' beliefs, practises and symbols.

The Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

The New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Tolitarianism

government control over every aspect of public and private life

Gunboat Diplomacy

The use or threat of military force to coerce a government into economic or political agreements.

Liberalism

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

indemnity

a payment for damage or loss

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Wilson's Fourteen Points

This is the plan for post-World War I outlined by President Wilson in 1918. This plan called for self-determination (countries in Africa and Asia govern themselves), freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

Samurai

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).