Pathology Exam 2

Infectious Disease, neoplasia, disorders of body fluid, hematological disorders, vascular disorders, bloodborne pathogens, and respiratory system diseases

endemic

cases maintained at baseline level

epidemic

cases occur at above normal rates

pandemic

epidemic that spread to more than one continent

pathogen

bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease

host

infected person, plant or animal

parasite

organism that lives on or in a host organism

microbes

infectious agents

prions

corrupted form of normal brain protein

viruses

no nucleus, no metabolism, hijacking cell’s metabolism to produce their RNA or DNA

bacteria

cell membrane and require energy to live, by no nucleus

fungi

molds and yeast

injury caused by infection

direct cell contact, toxins, immune responses

contagion

spread of infection from one person to another

reservior

place where pathogen exists and from which it spreads to a new host

carriers

person or animal harboring the pathogen but suffering no obvious disease

modes of transmission

direct contact, ingestion, indirect contact, droplets, vectors

direct contact

sexual intercourse, needles

ingestion

ingestion of contaminated food

indirect contact

fomites

droplets

coughing, sneezing

vectors

insects

types of infections

viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic

rhinovirus

common cold

adenovirus

upper respiratory tract (tonsillitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia)

coronavirus

SARS (severs acute respiratory syndrome)

influenza virus

spread by respiratory droplets

rotavirus

GI tract in children

norovirus

GI tract in older children and adults

type I herpes simple virus

cold sores

herpes zoster virus

chickenpox and shingles

bacterial infections

streptococci, mycobacteria

primary infection of streptococci

skin, pharynx, lungs, heart valves

secondary infection of sreptococci

sepsis, meningitis, bacterial endocarditis

noninfectious consequences of streptococci

scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

examples of mycobacteria

tuberculosis

caseous necrosis

chronic inflammation; semi-solid crumbly, necrotic tissue

example of parasite infection

malaria

example of fungus infection

candida albicans

types of STIs

viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic

neoplasm

new and abnormal growth of new cells

benign tumor

no capacity to cause death

malignant tumor

capacity to cause death

benign tumor that can cause death

brain tumor

example of malignant tumor

cancer

oncology

study of neoplasms

primary cause of cancer

genetic changes

carcinogenic

mutations that lead to cancer

carcingogen

carcinogenic agent

carcinogenesis

carcinogenic transformation of cells

proto-oncogenes

promote normal cell growth

oncogenes

mutated proto-oncogenes

HERS2 gene

human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

tumor suppressors

restrain normal cell growth

p53 gene

kills cells with damaged DNA

metaplasia

reversible change

dysplasia

precancerous cellular change

carcinoma in situ

not invasive, confined to epithelium

development of malignancy

normal epithelium, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, early invasive carcinoma, invasion of blood vessels or lymphatics

invasion

direct extension of tumor into adjacent tissue

metastasis

discontinuous spread of tumor from one site to another

types of metastasis

seeding, lymphatic spread, hematogenous spread

seeding

tumor cells float from point to point in boly fluid

lymphatic spread

tumor cells invade lymphatic vessels and spread via lymph fluid

hematogenous spread

tumor cells invade blood vessels

grading

pathologic exercise based on microscopic characteristics

number grading system

X-4

grade X

grade cannot be assessed

grade 1

least aggressive, well differentiated

grade 2

less aggressive, moderately differentiated

grade 3

more aggressive, poor differentiated

grade 4

most aggressive, undifferentiated

staging

clinical exercise based on tumor behavior

T staging

size of the primary tumor

N staging

extent of regional lymph node involvement

M staging

distant metastases beyond local lymph nodes

primary tumor (levels)

X-4

TX

main tumor cannot be measured

T0

main tumor cannot be found

T1-T4

size of main tumor, smallest to largest

regional lymph nodes (levels)

X-3

NX

cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured

N0

there is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes

N1-N3

number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer

distant metastasis (levels)

MX-1

MX

metastasis cannot be measured

M0

cancer has not spread to other parts of the body

M1

cancer has spread to other parts of the body

cancer treatments

radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, targeted therapy, immunotherapy

radiation therapy

kill tumor cells be concentrated doses of ionizing radiation

chemotherapy

interferes with cancer cell reproduction

targeted therapy

targets the underlying pathophysiology

immunotherapy

helps the immune system to better act against cancer

electrolytes

salts

cations

positively charges

anions

negatively charged

edema

abnormal accumulation of fluid in a tissue or body cavity

exudate

inflammatory edema, high protein content, due to local damage

transudate

non-inflammatory edema, low protein content, due to systemic damage

edema of increased fluid pressure

varicose veins

edema of low plasma osmotic pressure

cirrhosis