Biology SL Unit 4B

ATP name

Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP Monomer

modified nucleotide

ATP producer

mitochondria during aerobic cellular respiration

ATP processes

1. active transport

2. anabolic reactions

3. muscle contractions

4. movement of cells or parts within cells

why is ATP like a spring

the phosphate groups are negatively charged, the repel each other so putting them together is like compressing a spring

structure of ATP

adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

How is energy released from APT

when the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate is broken by a hydrolysis reaction and the 3rd phosphate is released. produces ADP+P

what does ADP stand for

Adenosine Diphosphate

how is ATP regenerated from ADP

ADP phosphorylation- addition of phosphate group to ADP, requires energy

where do humans get the energy for ADP phosphorylation

energy comes from food (glucose) which comes from plants that use photosynthesis, so it ultimately comes from sunlight

photosynthesis

transforming light energy from the sun into chemical energy (glucose and other organic molecules)

photosynthesis equation

6CO2+12H20 + light and chlorophyll = C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O

carbon dioxide+water+light and chlorophyll=glucose+oxygen+water

autotroph

organisms that produce their own chemical energy (organic compounds)

photoautotroph

organisms that use light to produce chemical energy

another word for autotroph

producers

what do autotrophs do for ecosystems

they supply chemical energy →consumers eat the plants and energy is transferred

photosynthetic organisms

plants

algae

cyanobacteria

where does photosynthesis occur in plants

Mesophyll cells in leaves

how was double membrane formed around chloroplast

endosymbiotic process

size and shape of Thylakoid

small, wide, thin, flattened sacs inside chlorophyll

thylakoid membrane

single bilayer surrounding thylakoid

thylakoid space (lumen)

fluid in inner region of thylakoid

thylakoid arrangement

stacks called grana, which maximize light absorbation

definition and location of stroma

the fluid filled space between the thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane

function of stroma

contains enzymes and materials for the Calvin cycle

3 important spaces within a chloroplast

1. Intermembrane space→ between the inner and outer membrane

2. Stroma → fluid between inner membrane and thylakoid membrane

3. Thylakoid space (lumen)→ within the thylakoid membrane, lamellae connect the grana to make the thylakoid space continous

lamellae

connecting membranes that link stacks of grana in the chloroplast

how wavelength relates to color of light

the violet edge has the shortest wavelength of about 400nm

the red edge has the longest wavelength of about 750nm

pigment

pigments are molecules that absorb light

absorption and reflection

any wavelength that is not absorbed is reflected, which lets it be visible to the naked eye

3 pigments and major photosynthetic pigment

1. Chlorophyll (major photosynthetic pigment)

2. Xanthophyll

3. Carotenoids

chlorophyll absorption and reflection

absorbs both the blue-violet range and the red-orange range

reflects the green-yellow range

absorption spectrum

the wavelengths of light absorbed by a particular substance or pigment → a peak in the graph is high absorption

how light absorption relates to rate of photosynthesis

plants have several pigments, so the rate of photosynthesis is a combination of ALL the pigments absorbing light → more light absorption by pigment increases photosynthesis

action spectrum

graphical spectrum that shows the OVERALL effectiveness of different wavelengths of light on photosynthesis → takes all pigments into account

absorption spectrum vs action spectrum

the action spectrum is the average of the absorption spectrum