AUTO Final Exam- Complied Quizzes

BP: systolic BP is the pressure when

korotkoff sounds first become audible

BP= ___x___

CO x TPR

BP: CO= ___x___

SV x HR

BP: TPR= ___/___

BP/ CO

BP: diastolic BP occurs when

korotkoff sounds disappear

BP: photoplethysmography is a measurement of

volume

BP: finometer measures changes in finger volume by

volume clamp

BP: systolic BP depends mainly on

stroke volume and arterial wall stiffness

BP: diastolic BP depends mainly on

arteriolar tone TPR

BP: mean BP is

diastolic BP + 1/3 of pulse pressure

BP: Stroke volume

amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during systolic

HRDB: stimulus

lung inflation and deflation activates

HRDB: the afferent pathway of the HRDB is

the vagus nerve (unmyelinated preganglionic)

HRDB: the effector of the HRDB is

the sino-atrial node

HRDB: the efferent pathway of HRDB is

the vagus nerve

HRDB: CPU

brain stem- medulla oblongata

HRDB: what does not modulate the HRDB response

sex of the subject

HRDB: What does modulate HRDB

baroreceptors, bainbridge reflexes, herring-breuer reflex, respiratory center

HRDB: what does not affect HRDB response

sex of the subject

HRDB: what does affect HRDB

age, rate of respiration, sympathetic activity, depth of respiration

HRDB: the heart rate period is

the reciprocal of the heartrate

HRDB: the optimal rate of deep breathing for HRDB is

6 cycles per minute

HRDB: anxiety resulting in sympathetic overactivity

worsens HRDB

HRDB: hyperventilation for 1 minute

worsens HRDB

HRDB: the largest HRDB response occurs when the patient is

lying supine

HRDB: What does it test

cardiovagal function (parasympathetic)

HRDB: first wave of hr waveform

p wave which represents atrial depolarization

HRDB: 2 wave in hr waveform

QRS complex which represents ventricular depolarization

HRDB: S-T segment

reflects period of zero potential between ventricular depolarization and repolarization

HRDB: 3rd wave in hr waveform

T wave represents ventricular repolarization

HRDB: heart period

measured by calculating time between peaks of the R wave in the QRS complex, also known as RR interval

HRDB: what does inspiration cause

increase in HR

HRDB: what does expiration cause

decrease in HR

HRDB: what does an increase in HP cause

a decrease in HR

HRDB: herring breuer reflex

pulmonary stretch receptiors

HRDB: bainbride reflexes

cardiac receptors

VM: what is true of HR response to VM

the true stimulus is unknown

VM: afferent pathway

cranial nerves IX and X (vagus)

VM: CPU

NTS

VM: efferent pathway

1. vagus nerve sends signal to inhibit the SA node (parasympathetic)

2. Peripheral vasoconstriction of the arteriole (sympathetic)

VM: effector sites

SA node (HR) and arterioles (vasoconstriction)

VM: response

pacing of heart rate and increase in TPR due to vasoconstriction

VM: what does affect VM

age- declines with age, gender, volume status, expiratory pressure, duration, medications

VM: phase I of the VM is due to

mechanical compression of the aorta

VM: phase II(late) of VM is

peripheral vasoconstriction

VM: phase III of the VM is due to

release of mechanical compression of the aorta

VM: phase IV of the VM is due to

persistent peripheral vasoconstriction and increased CO

VM: the valsalva ratio is

maximal/ minimal heart rate

VM: the optimal expiratory pressure amplitude is

40 mmHg

VM: the optimal expiratory duration is

15 seconds

VM: the optimal respiratory status at the onset of the VM is

tidal inspiration

VM: factor that does not affect the valsalva ratio

time of day

HUT: blood volume refers to

intravascular volume (cells and plasma)

HUT: where are the receptors for arterial baroreflexes located

in the carotid sinus and aortic arch

HUT: what is the CPU of arterial baroreflexes

the nucleus of tractus solitarius

HUT: What are the afferent pathways for arterial baroreflexes

the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve

HUT: what is the efferent pathway to the heart for arterial baroreflexes

the vagus nerve

HUT: low pressure (venous) differs from high pressure (arterial) baroreflexes in that is activated

before there is any detectable change in BP

HUT: low pressure baroreceptors are also reffered to as

venous baroreceptors

HUT: when an individual stands up, the order of appearance of humoral factors are

norepinephrine, vasopressin, renin

HUT: where is NE stored

postganglionic adrenergic nerve endings

HUT: where is NE released

with the nerve impulse

HUT: what does NE bind to

adrenergic receptors

HUT: what is NEs major fate

uptake back into the adrenergic receptors

HUT: how much NE spills over

10% spills over into the blood stream

HUT: what is vasopressin’s effective stimulus

hypovolemia, increased osmolality, and baroreceptors

HUT: where are vasopressin’s receptors located

in the hypothalamus

HUT: what are vasopressin’s effects

vasoconstriction and fluid retention

HUT: what are renin’s effective stimulus

hypo-osmolality and increased sympathetic efferent activity (baroflex)

HUT: what is the major effector of renin

not renin but angiotensin and aldosterone

HUT: what are the effects of renin

vasoconstriction and sodium retention

HUT: what plays a major role in maintaining blood volume

renin

HUT: what is a powerful mechanism of maintenance of postural normotension

renin

HUT: relative hypovolemia refers to a low blood volume relative to vascular capacity. What does it result from?

an absolute reduction in BV as in dehydration of hemorrhage.

a transient increase in capacity as following toxic shock or vasodilator medications.

a permanent increase in capacity as with sympathetic denervation, resulting in arteriolar vasodilation

HUT: what is the sequence in order of greatest orthostatic stress to weakest

standing, tilt with feet resting on baseboard, tilt with subject suspended

HUT: maintenance of postural normotension requires

normal blood volume, neurovascular reflexes, and humoral mechanisms

HUT: stimulus in venous baroreflexes

bp change sensed by mechanoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus

HUT: low pressure baroreflexes are activated ___ there is any ____ change in BP

before, detectable

HUT: afferent pathway in venous baroreflexes

IX glossopharyngeal and X vagus nerve

HUT: CPU venous baroreflexes

NTS

HUT: efferent pathway venous baroreflexes

vagus (cardiovagal) and sympathetic (adrenergic)

HUT: effector venous baroreflexes

SA node (HR) and arterioles (vasoconstriction)

HUT: response venous baroreflexes

sympathetic response vasoconstriction (increase TPR) causing retention of normal BP

QSART: to lower skin resistance, the skin should be defatted in the following order

acetone, alcohol, water

QSART: examines the integrity of the following structure

sympathetic postganglionic axon

QSART: the receptor in the stimulus well is thought to be in the

sweat gland

QSART: afferent pathway

antidromic sudomotor nerves

QSART: CPU

terminal branch point but not in CNS

QSART: efferent pathway

orthodromic sudomotor nerves

QSART: the neural structure being tested during QSART is:

postganglionic axon

QSART: the effector is thought to be

eccrine sweat gland

QSART: the primary neurotransmitter responsible for inducing a sweat response is

Ach

QSART refers to

quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test

QSART: mean sweat output in men is greater than in women because

males have larger sweat droplets on stimulation

QSART: resting sweat activity (RSA) is usually due to

spontaneously active sympathetic sudomotor axons

QSART: medial forearm site

ulnar

QSART: proximal foot site

sural

QSART: distal medial leg site

saphenous

QSART: proximal lateral leg site

peroneal/ fibular

QSART: is not a ____ reflex

true