chapter 3

Martin Luther

German friar who started the Protestant Reformation.

Calvinism

Dominant theological credo of New England Puritans and other American settlers.

Predestination

Belief in Calvinism regarding who would go to heaven and hell.

Visible saints

Concept that a person could demonstrate the presence of grace to fellow Puritans.

Mayflower

Ship the Pilgrims used to come to the New World.

Plymouth Colony

Colony established by the Pilgrims.

Mayflower Compact

First written constitution in the New World; theme of direct democracy.

William Bradford

Prominent leader among the Pilgrims and first governor of Plymouth Colony.

John Winthrop

First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony established in 1630.

"City upon a hill"

Famous statement by Winthrop describing Massachusetts Bay Colony as a beacon to humanity.

Blue Laws

Laws prohibiting behavior deemed wrong; named after the blue paper they were printed on.

Anne Hutchinson

Woman banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for antinomianism (high heresy).

Roger Williams

Founder of Rhode Island, which separated from Massachusetts Bay Colony on the principle of separation of Church and State.

"Rogue’s Island"

Term used by Puritan clergy in Boston to describe the separatist colony of Rhode Island.

Connecticut

Colony founded by Thomas Hooker with dreams of making a bustling seaport.

Indentured servitude

Type of servitude allowing people to serve as laborers for a family for four to seven years.

High death rate

Reason Chesapeake society was unable to reproduce itself naturally until the late 17th century.

Mid-18th Century

Time when indentured servitude died out in the colonies due to land claims and social changes.

King Philip’s War

War in 1675 that slowed English settlement in New England and devastated local Indians.

Massasoit

Chieftain who signed a treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621 and helped celebrate the first Thanksgiving.

Pequot War

Indian war in 1637 that ended in the slaughter of most of the Pequot tribe.

Navigation Laws

Laws enforced by Sir Edmund Andros that upset Massachusetts colonists.

Voting monopoly

Broken after Massachusetts became a royal colony in 1691, allowing more people to vote.

Salutary neglect

British policy of loose enforcement of Navigation Acts from late 1600s to 1763.

New York

Dutch colony originally named New Amsterdam, ruled by the Duke of York.

Brooklyn

Notable name given by the Dutch to a city in New Amsterdam.

Dutch traditions

Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf.

Pennsylvania

Colony known as the "Holy Experiment."

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania and the "Holy Experiment."

Squatters

People who claim land by establishing a house on unclaimed land.

Pennsylvania's monument

New commonwealth based on civil and religious liberty.

New Jersey

Small Quaker settlement flourishing next to Pennsylvania.

Delaware

Colony named after Lord De La Warr, associated with Penn’s colony.

Bread colonies

Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey known for grain production.

Susquehanna, Delaware, Hudson

Three rivers vital to the bread colonies.

Middle colonies

More American due to ethnic diversity, religious toleration, and democratic control.

Philadelphia

Greek translation means "Brotherly love."

Benjamin Franklin

Notable Founding Father from a middle colony.

"When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away"

Book by Ramon Gutierrez about Spanish settlers and Native Americans.

Environmental effects

Colonization led to aggressive deforestation and climatic changes.

Chronological order

Martin Luther, Jamestown, Plymouth Bay, Rhode Island, Pequot War, King Philip’s War.