FINAL APUSH PERIOD 1 (1491-1607)

Land Bridge

Medium of earliest North American residents between Siberia and Alaska

Pacific Northwest

Abundant natural resources w/ fish and timber; Haida and Kwakiutl tribes

Desert Southwest

Drier climate compared to the Northwest; Pueblo people with cliff dwellings, advanced irrigation systems, and settlements near the Rio Grande, Hopu near the cliffs; multi-story houses from adobe; farmers and harvesters of maize, beans, melons, and squash

The Great Plains

Flat open grasslands/ hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters and large buffalo herds; Pawnee people who planted squash, corn, and beans

Eastern Woodlands

Hardwood forests; Creek, Choctaw, and Powhatan tribes were hunter-gatherer and cultivated maize, squash, and beans; John White’s engraving of Secotan as a complex society

Common Characteristics

Communal, matrilineality, spirituality

Christopher Columbus

New trade route to Asia

Wanted to Christianize indigenous peoples, seize wealth, and exploit labor

Conquistadores

Cortes (Aztecs) 1521

Pizarro (Inca) in 1533

Both overthrew rulers of centralized governments via diseases, horses, weapons, tactics

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of plants, animals, and germs between the New World and Europe following 1492

• New Worl crops: maize, tomatoes, potatoes

• Old World crops: wheat, sugar, rice, and coffee

Impact of CE

Improve diets and increase agricultural yields, stimulating pop. growth

Profitable trans-Atlantic trade shifting from feudalism to capitalism

On Native Americans: decimated populations, subjugation

New Spain

Established a New World empire to spread Roman Catholicism and extend wealth + power; rigid and centralized government

Encomienda System

License granted by Spanish crown to royal officials to extract labor from native peoples; encomenderos responsible for Christianizing the native peoples under their protection

Bartolomé de las Casas

Renounced the encomienda system and critiqued the Spanish’s treatment of the Native people

New Society

Increasing disease and warfare reduced numbers and couldn’t support the growing population; began importing enslaved Africans in the 1500s.

Est. casta system of hierarchy, participated in intermarriage, rulers in New Spain characterized by Machiavellian principles

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

Justified stratified society as proof of the higher level of Europeans over anyone else

Puebo Revolt

Caused by Spanish subjugation of the Pueblo people in modern-day New Mexico; forced Pueblo people to labor on encomiendas and worship in Catholic missions

Led in 1680, killing Spaniards

Resulted in their reconquest by Spain in 1680 following Popé’s death in 1688, but Spanish adopted policy of greater cultural accommodation

Popé

Pueblo leader who resented the Spanish; wanted to expel them and return to old ways of life