Ch 9 PHYL 141 Exam 3

Joint (Articulation)

Site where two or more bones or bone and cartilage come together (articulate)

Structural Classification of Joints

Classification based on the type of tissue connecting bones

Functional Classification of Joints

Classification based on the amount of movement allowed

Fibrous Joint

Joint where the articulating areas of adjacent bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue

Cartilaginous Joint

Joint at which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage (synchondrosis) or fibrocartilage (symphysis)

Synovial Joint

Joint at which the articulating surfaces of the bones are located within a joint cavity formed by an articular capsule

Synarthrosis

Immobile or nearly immobile joint

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly movable joint

Diarthrosis

Freely movable joint

Suture

Fibrous joint that connects the bones of the skull; an immobile joint

Fontanelle

Expanded area of fibrous connective tissue separating infant skull bones

Synostosis

Site at which adjacent bones or bony components have fused together

Syndesmosis

Fibrous joint in which two bones are connected by ligaments or an interosseous membrane

Gomphosis

Fibrous joint in which the root of a tooth is anchored into its bony socket by periodontal ligaments

Periodontal Ligament

Dense connective tissue anchoring a tooth in its socket

Synchondrosis

Cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage

Symphysis

Cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by fibrocartilage

Epiphyseal Plate

Growth plate of hyaline cartilage in a growing long bone

First Sternocostal Joint

Connects the first rib's costal cartilage directly to the manubrium of the sternum

Intervertebral Disc

Fibrocartilage pad between vertebrae that forms a symphysis

Fibrocartilage

Strong cartilage that resists compression pulling and bending forces

Hyaline Cartilage

Smooth cartilage found in synchondroses and articular surfaces

Articular Capsule

Connective tissue structure that encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint

Articular Cartilage

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering articulating bone surfaces

Joint Cavity

Space enclosed by the articular capsule and filled with synovial fluid

Synovial Fluid

Lubricating fluid that nourishes cartilage and reduces friction

Synovial Membrane

Thin inner lining of a synovial joint that produces synovial fluid

Reinforcing Ligaments

Ligaments that strengthen and support synovial joints

Ligament

Strong band of dense connective tissue spanning between bones

Extrinsic Ligament

Ligament located outside the articular capsule

Intrinsic Ligament

Ligament fused to or incorporated into the wall of the articular capsule

Intracapsular Ligament

Ligament located within the articular capsule

Tendon

Dense connective tissue structure that anchors muscle to bone

Bursa

Connective tissue sac containing lubricating fluid that reduces friction between adjacent structures

Subcutaneous Bursa

Bursa located between skin and bone

Submuscular Bursa

Bursa located between muscle and bone or adjacent muscles

Subtendinous Bursa

Bursa located between tendon and bone

Uniaxial Joint

Joint that allows movement in one plane (one axis)

Biaxial Joint

Joint that allows movement in two planes (two axes)

Multiaxial Joint

Joint that allows movement in three planes (three axes)

Pivot Joint

Uniaxial synovial joint allowing rotation

Hinge Joint

Uniaxial synovial joint allowing flexion and extension

Condyloid Joint

Biaxial synovial joint allowing flexion extension abduction adduction and circumduction

Saddle Joint

Biaxial synovial joint with greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints

Plane Joint

Synovial joint allowing gliding movements

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Multiaxial synovial joint allowing the greatest range of motion

Atlantoaxial Joint

Pivot joint located in the upper neck between the atlas and axis

Proximal Radioulnar Joint

Pivot joint located just below the elbow

Elbow Joint

Hinge joint formed by the humerus ulna and radius

Interphalangeal Joint

Hinge joint between the phalanges

Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Condyloid joint connecting the palm's metacarpal bones to the fingers and thumb

First Carpometacarpal Joint

Saddle joint located at the base of the thumb

Intertarsal Joints

Plane joints between the seven tarsal bones in the human foot

Shoulder Joint

Ball-and-socket connecting your humerus to your scapula

Hip Joint

Multiaxial ball-and-socket joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum

Gliding Movement

Sliding movement between flat bone surfaces

Flexion

Movement that decreases the angle between bones

Extension

Movement that increases the angle between bones

Hyperextension

Extension beyond anatomical position

Abduction

Movement away from the body's midline

Adduction

Movement toward the body's midline

Circumduction

Circular movement combining flexion extension abduction and adduction

Rotation

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

Medial Rotation

Rotation toward the body's midline

Lateral Rotation

Rotation away from the body's midline

Supination

Forearm rotation turning the palm anteriorly

Pronation

Forearm rotation turning the palm posteriorly

Dorsiflexion

Movement bringing the top of the foot toward the leg

Plantar Flexion

Movement pointing the foot downward

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot toward the midline

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot away from the midline

Protraction

Anterior movement of a body part

Retraction

Posterior movement of a body part

Elevation

Superior movement of a body part

Depression

Inferior movement of a body part

Opposition

Movement bringing the thumb to touch the fingers

Reposition

Return of the thumb from opposition

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

Articulation between the condyle of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone

Articular Disc (TMJ)

Fibrocartilage disc that improves movement between the temporal bone and mandible

Mandibular Fossa

Depression in the temporal bone that articulates with the mandible

Articular Tubercle

Anterior projection of the temporal bone involved in TMJ movement

Mandibular Condyle

Head of the mandible that articulates with the temporal bone

TMJ Movements

Elevation depression protraction retraction and side-to-side movements

Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMD)

Painful disorder affecting the TMJ

Glenohumeral Joint

Shoulder joint between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and head of the humerus

Glenoid Cavity

Shallow socket of the scapula

Glenoid Labrum

Fibrocartilage rim that deepens the glenoid cavity

Coracohumeral Ligament

Ligament extending from the coracoid process to the humerus

Rotator Cuff

Musculotendinous cuff formed by four muscle tendons that stabilizes the shoulder joint

SITS Muscles

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis

Subacromial Bursa

Bursa reducing friction in the shoulder

Subscapular Bursa

Bursa reducing friction beneath the subscapularis tendon

Adhesive Capsulitis

Frozen shoulder caused by inflammation and scar tissue formation

Shoulder Joint Movements

Flexion extension hyperextension abduction adduction rotation and circumduction

Ulnar Collateral Ligament

Medial stabilizing ligament of the elbow

Radial Collateral Ligament

Lateral stabilizing ligament of the elbow

Annular Ligament

Ligament surrounding the head of the radius

Tommy John Surgery

Surgical reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament

Elbow Joint Movements

Flexion and extension

Radioulnar Joint Movements

Pronation and supination