Basic elements of Anatomy & Cranial nerves

Anatomy

Study of the structure

Physiology

Study of the function of the body

Applied Anatomy

Applies anatomy to diagnose and treat

Descriptive Anatomy

Relates body parts to functional systems

Gross Anatomy

Studies body parts w/o a microscope

Microscopic Anatomy

Studies body parts with a microscope

Developmental anatomy

Studies growth and development to birth

Comparative Anatomy

Studies comparisons across species

Pathological anatomy

Studies changes in the body parts due to disease

Cystology

Examines cell structure and function

Histology

Studies tissues with a microscope

Osteology

Studies bone structure and function

Myology

Studies muscle form and function

Arthrology

Studies joints

Angiography

Studies the blood vessels and lymphatic system

Neurology

Studies the brain

Axial

(80) bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the body

- vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, ear ossicles, hyoid

Appendicular

(126)

bones of upper and lower limb. and pectoral and pelvic girdles

Anatomical Position

Individual is standing straight, feet parallel, arms by side with palms forward, and head faces forward with gaze ahead

Median

divides body into equal left and right halves

Sagital Plain

Divides body into unequal right and left halves

Coronal/Frontal

Divides body into anterior and posterior points

Commonly used in imagine of the brain

Horizontal/Transverse/Axial

Divides body into superior and inferior portions

CT scans are commonly generated in this plane

Extends from side to side

Extends from top to bottom

Extends from front to back

Towards the front

Towards the front

On one side

On both sides

Bilateral

On same side

On opposite side

Pertaining to body wall

Pertaining to internal organs

Towards the head

Towards the feet

External/Superficial

Towards surface of the body

Internal/Deep

Away from surface of body

Lying face up

Decrease angle

Increase angle

Toward body/midline

Away from body/midline

Rotation of forearm, palm faces posteriorly

Rotation of forearm, palm faces anteriorly (anatomical position )

turns the sole inward towards body midline

Soul of the foot is turned outward/laterally

Close the mouth

Open the mouth

Mandible moves anteriorly/forward

Mandible moves posteriorly/inward

Organs

Body tissues combined together to perform a special action

Epithelium

covers all surfaces of the body

Connective Tissue

Connects other tissue

In our bones tendons and other cartilage

Muscle tissue 3 types

Smooth: Found in walls of interal organs and blood vessels

Cardiac: In heart and proximal parts of the great vessels

Skeletal: forms all muscles under voluntary control

Nerve Tissue

Neurons, process cells

Simple Squamous

Single and flat layer

Easy for things to pass through

Gas exchange in the lungs

Simple Cubodial

Single layer of cubed shaped

Lines kidney tubules and glands

Secretes and reabsorbs water snd small molecules

Simple Columnar

Single layer of taller cube like shapes

Lines most digestive organs to absorb nutriens

Stratified Squamous

Multiple layers of flat skin

Outer layer of skin, mouth, and vagina

Protects against abrasion, drying out, and infection

Stratified Cuboidal

Multi layered cube shapes

Lines ducts of sweat glands

Secretes water and ions

Stratified Columnar

Multiple layers of columns

Lines epididymus, mammary glands, and larynx

Secrets mucus

Superficial Fascia

In the fats, adipose tissue and cartilage at the end of the bone

Deep Fascia

Loose connective tissue under the skin

Connective tissue functions

Protect

Structural support / attachment

Storage

Medium for exchange/transport

Defense and protection

Types of Nervous tissue

Brain and spinal cord

Type of nervous tissue

Peripheral Nerves

Bones

Provides skeletal support and protects organs/soft tissues

Characterized by length and shape

Fibroblasts

Cells that facilitate bone repair

Joints

Connects bones with other bones or cartilage with other cartilage

Diarthrodial ( synovial) joints

Highly mobile

Contain lubricating synovial fluid

Ball and socket, gliding, and hinge joints

Amphiarthrodial (cartilageinous) joints

Slightly immobile

Cartilage forms union between joints

Synarthrodial (fibrous joints)

Immobile

Bound by fibrous ligaments

Sutures located between bones of the skull joints

Muscles

A combination of muscle fibers that all have a common function

Can shorten to about 1/3 of their length

Point of attachment of the least mobile element as related to speech function

Point of attachment that moves when a muscle contracts