unit one review for a and p 1

plasma membrane

A selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell and maintaining homeostasis.

the head of a phospholipid is

hydrophilic and attracts water and polar (charged)

the tail of a phospholipid is

hydrophobic and repels water and nonpolar

phospholipid

phospholipid tails are made of

hydrocarbons that come from fatty acids (nonpolar)

what kind of things can pass through the plasma membrane

Small nonpolar molecules and water

peripheral proteins

Proteins that are attached to the exterior or interior surfaces of the plasma membrane, playing roles in signaling and maintaining the cell's structure

example: hormones

integral protein

membrane protein that is involved in transporting substances across the membrane

lipid bound proteins

stuck on the interior surface of the membrane

• channel proteins - have a hole in them and allow ions to pass through the channel membrane and allow things to exit the cell, don”t require atp

channel proteins

embedded within the phospholipid bilayer and allow ions such as Na+ to enter and exit the cell as needed, does not require ATP, as the ions are moving DOWN the concentration gradient and can be gated or non-gated for selective permeability.

carrier proteins

integral protein that attaches to the ion like a glove and transports it across the membrane. can goes against the concentration gradient which requires ATP

glycoprotein

chain of sugars attached to a protein and is used in signaling between proteins and cells, playing a crucial role in cell recognition and immune response.

endocytosis

The process by which cells internalize substances by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle, allowing for the uptake of large molecules or particles.

1. phagocytosis - bacterial cells and organic

2. pinocytosis - liquids

3. receptor mediated - bind to receptors in membrane which initiates endocytosis, allowing specific substances to enter the cell as a coated vesicle

exocytosis

discharge of materials from membrane bound vesicles to the outer surface of the cell, allowing the release of substances like hormones or waste products.

sodium potassium pump

atp required

helps maintain resting membrane potential (more neg inside than outside the cell) as sodium and potassium are charged and need a protein to allow them to pass through the membrane

open on the intracellular side of cell with binding room for three Na+ ions which bind to the channel and phosphorylates the protein - atp transfers phosphate to the protein changing it’s shape which causes the protein to open on the extracellular side and pushes the Na+ out. 2 potassium ions can then bind to the protein and the phosphate is released, reverting the protein back to it’s original shape

• low concentration to high (active transport)

• more potassium in a cell and sodium outside the cell

sodium potassium concentration inside and outside the cell

The difference in concentration of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions across the cell membrane, with higher potassium concentrations inside the cell and higher sodium concentrations outside, which is crucial for maintaining resting membrane potential.

• remember: 3 sodium ions outside, 2 potassium ions inside

covalent bonds

sharing of electrons between nonmetals

ionic bonds

transferring electrons from a metal to a nonmetal

metals and nonmetals

metals often transfer the electrons to the nonmetals

cations

positive charge and loose ions (usually metals)

anions

negative charge and gain electrons (usually nonmetals)

pH

measure of acidity is based on the amount of H+ ions are are present in a solution

what is the scale of pH

1 (acidic) - 14 (basic)

ph of water

7

ph of human blood

7.35-7.45

acidosis

low blood ph - can cause coma

alkalosis

high blood ph - causes contractions

monomers

small building blocks of polymers

monomer plus monomer

dimer

monomer plus dimer

trimer

monomer plus trimer

tetramer

tatramer plus monomer

polymer (macromolecules or complex molecules)

types of monomers

amino acids, nucleotides, sugars

types of polymers

proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

carbohydrates

made up of sugars - monosaccharides and 3 to 7 carbons that serve as a primary energy source in living organisms.

• allows glucose to dissolve

• Glucose, fructose, and galactose are monosaccharides

  • functional group: aldehydes and ketose (carbonyl group)

monosaccharides

galactose, glucose, fructose

disaccharides

2 monosaccharides joined via glycosidic links

• sucrose, lactose, maltose, cellulase (cell wall)

polysaccharides

long chains of monosaccharides

proteins

• monomeric - macromolecules made of amino acids

• polymeric - amino acids strung together to form protein chains, which make up specific proteins

nucleic acids

macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information :

• monomeric - nucleotide (made of sugar and phosphate)

• polymeric - DNA and rna

• Nucleic acids are essential for encoding, transmitting, and expressing genetic information within living organisms.

lipids

macromolecules

• made of glycerol (simple sugar) and fatty acids (hydrocarbons with a carboxyl at the end)

• C.H.O (1:2:very little)

• fats and oils

• hydrophobic

• ENERGY STORAGE

  • saturates = no double bonds

  • unsaturated = double bonds

ketoacidosis

ph drop due to too many ketone bodies which are produced from burning too much fat

beta oxidation

burning fat produces ketone bodies through a process where fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria.