Toxic Effects of Drugs and Adverse Reactions Study Guide

A set of 40 fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards testing knowledge of adverse drug effects, drug allergies, organ toxicity, electrolyte imbalances, and drug-food interactions.

An overdose extension of the primary desired pharmacological effect is classified as a __________ action.

primary

Antihistamines dry up secretions, but secondarily cause drowsiness, which is classified as a __________ action.

secondary

Anaphylactic reactions involve antibodies that react with specific tissue sites to induce massive __________ release.

histamine

Cytotoxic reactions involve circulating antibodies attacking drug antigens attached to __________ sites.

cell surface

Circulating antibodies that form complexes and deposit in blood vessels, causing multi-tissue damage, characterize __________ reactions.

serum sickness

Seminal Plasma Hypersensitivity is typically managed using antihistamines and gradual desensitization exposure to __________.

sperm

Post Orgasmic Illness Syndrome (POIS) is characterized by systemic __________ symptoms following ejaculation.

flu-like

The antiarrhythmic agent __________ produces skin rashes in many patients, often requiring drug discontinuation.

Procainamide

The antineoplastic agent __________ causes mouth sores and stomatitis in the majority of patients.

Fluorouracil

__________ dermatitis is a severe, potentially fatal condition characterized by widespread shedding or peeling of skin layers in sheets.

Exfoliative

Superinfections are caused by the destruction of the body's normal __________.

microflora

Blood dyscrasia involves severe bone marrow suppression resulting from profound __________.

leukopenia

Renal toxicity occurs when drug molecules become trapped within the __________ capillary network, inducing localized inflammation.

glomerular

Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and elevated serum __________ are clinical manifestations of renal toxicity.

creatinine

Epinephrine administered as a bronchodilator for asthma stimulates __________ to produce elevated blood sugar levels.

glycogenolysis

Loop diuretics act on renal tubules to induce excess excretion of __________ ions.

$$K^+$$

Cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs can induce mass cellular lysis, releasing intracellular __________ into systemic circulation.

$$K^+$$

The drug __________ can accumulate in retinal terminal capillaries and cause permanent blindness.

Chloroquine

Auditory toxicity can occur due to direct damage to the 8th cranial nerve, also known as the __________ nerve.

vestibulocochlear

Aspirin is frequently linked to __________, an auditory ringing sensation, and 8th cranial nerve dysfunction.

tinnitus

Beta-blockers prescribed for hypertension can cross into the central nervous system, causing anxiety, nightmares, and __________.

insomnia

Atropine, used in Parkinson's disease management, produces anticholinergic effects including dry mouth, blurred vision, and __________.

urinary retention

Antipsychotic and neuroleptic drugs interfere with central __________ pathways, leading to Parkinson-like syndrome.

dopamine

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is characterized by muscular rigidity, altered mental status, autonomic instability, and high __________.

fever

The severe acne therapy drug __________ is a known teratogen that causes severe brain, cardiac, and craniofacial malformations.

Isotretinoin

The immunomodulator __________ causes severe phocomelia and limb deformities when exposure occurs during fetal development.

Thalidomide

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) interact with dietary amines in fermented foods, causing severe __________ crises.

hypertensive

Antibiotics can bind to divalent cations such as __________ present in dairy products, preventing antibiotic GI absorption.

$$Ca^{2+}$$

Cimetidine enhances the gastrointestinal absorption of the drug __________.

didanosine

Antacids inhibit the oral absorption of zalcitabine and __________.

tipranavir

Fluconazole inhibits the metabolic enzymes responsible for clearing __________, significantly elevating its blood levels.

simvastatin

Macrolide antibiotics inhibit the renal and biliary elimination clearance of __________.

digoxin

Combined administration of Aminoglycosides with penicillin or vancomycin produces __________ bactericidal activity.

synergistic

Grapefruit juice inhibits intestinal and hepatic __________ enzymes responsible for breaking down statins.

CYP3A4

Leafy green vegetables are rich in Vitamin K, which directly opposes the anticoagulant action of __________.

warfarin

Licorice contains glcyrrhizin, which induces renal loss of $K^+$ ions. This can interfere with ____ ___

Heart medications (digoxin)

Co-administration of Ondansetron and Dofetilide leads to severe QT prolongation and increased risk of __________.

Torsades de Pointes

Excessive immunosuppression leading to an infection is classified as __________ toxicity.

On-Target

Rare, unpredictable toxicity often due to genetic differences is called __________ toxicity.

Idiosyncratic

CYP450 enzymes convert harmless Acetaminophen to active NAPQI in a process known as __________.

Bioactivation