sports med intro test 2

Ankle Taping

Steps include foot pads, spray, prewrap, anchor strips (bottom of calf and 5th metatarsal), 3 stirrups, 3 horseshoes, figure 8 (heel lock), and cover up rest of untaped area.

Thumb Taping

Take prewrap, place it over thumb and push down, wrap around the wrist, anchor strips on wrist, use half the strip to secure the thumb anchor to anchor (medial to lateral), 3 awareness strips, use other side of half tape to fill in hand, wrist anchor full tape.

Hip Realignment

Steps include having the patient lying supine, performing 3 glute bridges, pushing knees to chest and pulling legs, assessing for leg discrepancy, bringing the shorter leg into hip flexion and resisting extension, traction on the shorter leg, bringing legs back into glute bridge position, resisting abduction and adduction, and assessing for leg alignment.

Concussion

Caused by hitting head, whiplash, or blast waves from explosion.

Second Impact Syndrome

Occurs when a second head injury happens before the first has been resolved.

Skull Fractures

Result from blunt trauma to the head, such as a baseball or a high fall.

Epidural Hematoma

A blow to the head leads to a tear in the meningeal arteries.

Subdural Hematoma

Caused by acceleration/deceleration forces that tear vessels bridging the dura mater and brain.

Cerebral Contusion

An impact injury where the head strikes a stationary, immovable object (floor).

Hematoma

Pulling of blood in the body under the skin that results from a broken or ruptured vessel.

Epidural vs Subdural Hematomas

Epidural: dura peeled, skull fracture, and arterial (oxygenated) blood build up. Subdural: dura still attached, venous blood (deoxygenated).

Types of Subdural Hematomas

Acute subdural hematoma, subdural hematoma association (sub-acute), chronic subdural hematoma.

Importance of Symptom Resolution in Concussion

Athletes should not participate until symptoms are fully gone to prevent second impact syndrome, which can be fatal.

four subcategories of a concussion

Physical Cognitive Sleep disturbance emotional

Types of Amnesia associated with a concussion

Retrograde Anterograde: Retro-anterograde

LOC

Loss of consciousness.

CTE

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

CSF

Cerebrospinal fluid.

SCAT

Sports concussion assessment tool.

TBI

Traumatic brain injury.

Postconcussion Syndrome

Patients complain about persistent headache, impaired memory, lack of concentration, anxiety, fatigue, and depression.

Signs of Skull Fractures

Headache, nausea, skull indentation, blood in ear, bleeding around nose, raccoon eyes, ecchymosis behind ears (battle's sign).

Battle's Sign

Bruising behind the ear that indicates skull fracture.

Racoon Eyes

Dark bruising around the eyes.

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Straw-colored fluid dripping from the nose.

retrograde amnesia

cannot recall events right before the trauma occurred;

anterograde amnesia

cannot recall events that occurred after the event;

Retro & anterograde amnesia

reversing and confusing order of events.

Physical subcategory symptoms:

headaches, dizziness, nausea; Emotional: sad, anxious, irritable;

Emotional subcategory symptoms:

sad, anxious, irritable

Cognitive subcategory symptoms:

attention problems, memory dysfunction, fatigue, cognitive slowing;

Sleep disturbance subcategory symptoms:

trouble sleeping, staying asleep, and feeling drowsy due to concussion.