Anatomy Lab Exam 1

Anatomical Plane- frontal plane

divides body into anterior and posterior

Anatomical Plane- sagittal plane

divides body down the middle, into right and left

Anatomical Plane- transverse plane

divides body (near hips) into superior and inferior (upper and lower)

two main body cavities

1. dorsal cavity

2. ventral cavity

dorsal cavity, what it houses and its subdivisions

houses the brain and spinal cord

Subdivides into the cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord)

ventral cavity subdivisons

1. abdominopelvic cavity - the abdominal and pelvic

2. thoracic cavity

abdominal cavity carries the…

many organs for digestion

pelvic cavity carries the…

bladder, reproductive organ, and the digestive tract

the thoracic cavity carries the..

heart and lungs

cranial

toward the head

caudal

toward the tail

posterior/dorsal —- same in humans

toward the back

anterior/ventral —- same in humans

toward the front

superior

toward the head/ top

inferior

toward the feet/down

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

closer to the point of attachment

distal

further (more DIStant) from the place of attachment

superficial

toward the surface (shallow)

deep

toward the core

parietal

toward the body wall

visceral

toward the organs

epithelial tissues

tight cells that line all external and internal body surfaces

apical surface of epithelial tissue

environment side

basal surface of epithelial tissue

contact with neighboring tissue

Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning…

there are no blood vessels within the tissue

simple squamous epithelial tissue

flat cells, flat nuclei

simple— single layer

helps rapid diffusion/filtration because it is flat

found in either in alveoli of lung OR glomerular capsule in kidney

simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

cells are cubed, nuclei is sphere

simple—single layer

it absorbs and secretes because of the extra internal space from the shape

found in the kidney tubules

simple squamous epithelial tissue in the lung

(look at squished nuclei )

simple squamous epithelial tissue in kidney

(look at squished nuclei )

simple cuboidal epithelial tissue in kidney

(look at sphere nuclei )

simple columnar epithelial tissue

Column-shaped cells, oval nuclei

simple— single layer

shape gives better surface area to help for secretion and absorption

found in the digestive tract, the duodenum and jejunum

simple columnar epithelial tissue in digestive tract

pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue

column shaped cell, oval nuclei

looks like many layers, but is only one

functions in absorption and secretion

found in the lining of the trachea and upper resp tract

pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue

(nuclei is oval and appears to be overlapping/messy)

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

surface cells have squamous shape, where deeper cells have column/cube shape

stratified— many layers

protect underlying body structures from constant friction

can be found in the upper layer of skin, the epidermis (also found in esophagus)

stratified squamous epithelial tissue in the skin

(it starts squashed, then starts to cube out)

extracellular matrix part in the connective tissue

it supports to help bear weight and withstand large amounts of tension and pressure

ground substance part in the connective tissue

stuff that fills the space between cells and fibers. Its made up of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans

collagen fibers part in the connective tissue

the proteins that provide strength and support

elastic fibers part in the connective tissue

allowing organs and structures to return to their original shape after being deformed

All connective tissues share three characteristics..

1. origin from the embryonic tissue, the mesenchyme

2. degrees of vascularity, some are rich in blood vessels, some are avascular

3. mostly extracellular matrix (composed of ground substance and fibers)

Loose connective tissue

main cell- fibroblasts

containing ground subst, collagen and elastic fibers

the most widely distributed connective tissue

binds body parts together yet still allows them to move freely

found in most epithelial tissues, providing network of blood vessels to support the avascular epithelium

dense regular connective tissue

main cell- fibroblasts

tightly packed collagen fibers, with little ground substance, and poorly vascularized

flexible structure with great resistance to tension from ONE direction (slight “give” but once straight there is no more)

found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

** this tissue has a system/order

dense irregular connective tissue

main cell- fibroblasts

many collagen fibers that are thick and in random order, with little ground substance

these deal with tension exerted from MANY directions

found in the in the reticular layer of the dermis of the skin, as well as the fibrous coverings of specific organs such as kidneys, bones, cartilage, and muscle. 

adipose connective tissue

main cell-- adipocytes

no visible fibers in this tissue

nucleus is pushed to one side, causing a fish-net look, then has more room to store fat

found throughout the body, but a thick layer is seen the creating the hypodermis.

fibroblast ( cell in CT)

Makes fibers like collagen

Adipocyte (cell in CT)

Stores fat for energy, insulation, and cushioning

epidermis

outermost layer of the skin

mostly- stratified squamous epithelium

dermis splits into two different layers

papillary layer AND the reticular layer

papillary layer of dermis

composed of loose CT just under the epidermis

this helps anchor the epidermis and dermis

reticular layer of dermis

much thicker of a layer

composed of dense irregular connective tissue

this layer helps hold glands and hair follicles in place

hypodermis

works to connect the skin to the underlying tissues

Composed of adipose tissue (insulation) and loose CT (anchors skin)

carpals (8 total)

metacarpals

proximal phalanges

middle phalanges

(note, not on thumb)

distal phalanges

clavicle

conoid tubercle

on clavicle

(think where it concaves; it's the conoid)

acromial end of clavicle

(flatter side)

sternal end of clavicle

(makes sense, bc it connects near sternum)

scapula

spine on scapula

(posterior side)

acromion on scapula

coracoid process on scapula

(looks like crow beak)

supraspinous fossa on scapula

(posterior side)

infraspinous fossa on scapula

(posterior side)

subscapular fossa on scapula

(anterior side)

glenoid fossa on scapula

(anterior side)

humerus

humeral head of humerus

greater tubercle on humerus

lesser tubercle on humerus

(anterior side)

intertubercular groove on humerus

(anterior side)

deltoid tuberosity on humerus

(anterior side)

medial epicondyle on humerus

(posterior side)

lateral epicondyle on humerus

(anterior side)

coronoid fossa on humerus

(anterior side)

capitulum on humerus

(sticks out the most, think captain)

(anterior side)

NOT GREEN PART, whats light blue part

trochlea on humerus

(think it looks like two toes, TROchlea)

(anterior side)

what is the name referencing to both of these parts on the humerus?

humeral condyles

(anterior side)

what is the divot on the back of the humerus

olecranon fossa

(posterior side)

radius

(little bit shorter than ulna)

head of radius

right arm, anterior side

radial tuberosity

left arm, anterior view

radial styloid process

right arm, anterior view

ulnar notch on radial

left arm, anterior view

ulna

(little bit taller than radius)

trochlea notch on ulna

(anterior view)

right arm

olecranon process of ulna

(anterior view)

right arm

coronoid process of ulna

right arm, (anterior view)

radial notch on the ulna

posterior side

ulnar styloid process

what joint is this

shoulder joint

landmarks of the bones for the shoulder joint

humerus head and glenoid fossa of scapula connect together for this joint

structural classification of shoulder joint

synovial joint

synovial type of shoulder joint

ball and socket

where is the glenoid labrum, joint capsle, and tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii in the shoulder joint

glenoid labrum- wrapped around glenoid fossa

joint capsle- wraps around whole joint