Anatomy Proficiency Exam

The top surface of the foot is anatomically ___, and is known as the ___ surface

anterior; dorsal

The bottom surface of the foot is anatomically ___, and is known as the ___ surface

posterior; plantar

A PA projection of the foot could also be called a ___

plantodorsal projection

An AP projection of the foot could also be called a ___

dorsoplantar projection

What is the anatomical/Latin term for foot?

pes

How many phalanges, metatarsals, and tarsals are in 1 foot?

phalanges: 14

metatarsals: 5

tarsals: 7

Does numbering of the foot digits start medially or laterally?

medially

What is another name for the first digit of the foot?

hallux

Is the head or base of the metatarsals distal?

head

The 1^st metatarsal sometimes has sesamoid bones that are usually located ___

posteriorly

Explain the size and location of the 3 cuneiforms

1st: medial (largest)

2nd: intermediate (smallest)

3rd: lateral

What is the secondary name for the navicular?

scaphoid

The navicular is located on the ___ side of the foot and articulates distally with ___

medial; the cuneiforms

The cuboid is located on the ___ side of the foot and articulates distally with ___

lateral; MT 4 and 5

What is the secondary name for the talus?

astragalus

Explain the location of the head of the talus

rounded anterior surface

What tarsal(s) does the talus articulate with?

navicular (articulates at the head of the talus)

The trochlear surface of the talus articulates ___, ___, and ___

superiorly with the tibia

laterally with the fibula

inferiorly with the calcaneus

How many articular surfaces does the talus have inferiorly to articulate with the calcaneus?

3 (anterior, middle, posterior)

Label the 3 surfaces of the talus that articulate with the calcaneus

What is the secondary name of the calcaneus?

os calsis

What is the largest and strongest bone of the foot?

calcaneus

What is the most posterior bone of the foot?

calcaneus

The calcaneal tuberosity serves as an attachment for ___

the Achilles tendon

What is another name for the talocalcaneal joint?

subtalar joint

Explain the location and function of the sinus tarsi

an opening on the lateral aspect of the foot between the talus and calcaneus; allows ligaments of the foot to pass through

How do you obtain a frontal view of the calcaneus?

tangential view

A medial oblique of the foot best demonstrates ___

the lateral part of the foot

What is the Mortise joint?

the socket formed by the 3 bones of the ankle joint

What is the Mortise view?

15-20 degree off the coronal plane to put the intermalleolar line parallel

The 45^o medial ankle oblique demonstrates ___

distal tibiofibular articulation

What is an Aurora ankle routine?

AP, Mortise, lateral

How is a patient sitting for a routine ankle?

on tabletop with their leg extended

What type of joint are the DIP, IP, and PIP joints of the foot?

synovial, hinge

What type of joint are the MTP joints?

synovial, condylar

What type of joint are the intermetatarsal (IMT) joints?

synovial, gliding

What type of joint are the TMT joints?

synovial, gliding

What type of joint are the intertarsal joints?

synovial, gliding

What type of joint is the calcanocuboid joint?

synovial, gliding

What type of joint is the talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint?

synovial, gliding

What type of joint is the tibiotalar/talocrural joint?

synovial, hinge

What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

synarthrodial, syndesmosis, fibrous

Explain plantar fasciitis

the plantar fascia (thick ligament that runs from the heel to the ball of the foot) is irritated and pulls away from where it is attached at the calcaneus (calcaneus grows toward the fascia in an effort to reattach: called a bone spur)

Explain bunions

prolonged pressure put on the 1st digit toward the 2nd digit (makes the big toe unstable, affecting the 1st MTP)

caused by narrow shoes

repair is done to remove abnormal bone, realign joint, and stabilize the joint

Explain hammer toe

condition where a toe (usually 2nd or 3rd) bends downward with a deformity at the PIP joint

caused by too small shoes

Explain diabetic foot

peripheral neuropathy

can cause ulcers

decreased feeling in foot and decreased circulation

What is polydactyly?

having more than the normal number of digits

Explain flat foot

condition where the arch of the foot collapses

caused by genetics or repetitive stress on the tendon over the arch of the foot

Explain club foot

Congenital Talipes Equinovarus

Talipes: latin for “foot”

Equino: “like a horse”

Varus: part slants toward the midline

repaired by casting, bracing, or surgery

Explain the Jones fracture

fracture at the proximal 1/3rd of the 5th MT

Explain the dancers fracture

an avulsion fracture of the 5th tuberosity

Explain the trimalleolar fracture

fracture of the ankle that involves the medial malleoli, lateral malleoli, and the distal posterior tibia

Explain the Potts fracture

bimalleolar fracture of the medial and lateral malleoli

What kind of fracture is shown?

Jones

What kind of fracture is shown?

dancers

What kind of fracture is shown?

trimalleolar

What kind of fracture is shown?

bimalleolar

What is the shoulder girdle made up of?

clavicle and scapula

What is the function of the shoulder girdle?

attach the upper extremity to the axial skeleton

What kind of bone is the scapula classified as?

flat bone

Explain the location of the scapula

• lies in the superior, posterior aspect of the thorax

• goes from the 2nd to the 7th rib

• sits at a 30-45^o angle

What is the anterior surface of the scapula called?

costal surface (comes in contact with the ribs)

What is the posterior surface of the scapula called?

dorsal surface

The scapular spine/crest divides the dorsal surface of the scapula into what 2 portions?

infraspinous/infraspinatus fossa

supraspinous/supraspinatus fossa

What is another term for the medial border of the scapula?

vertebral border

What is another term for the lateral border of the scapula?

axillary border

Which border of the scapula is thicker, medial or lateral?

lateral

What makes up the superior angle of the scapula?

junction of superior and medial borders

What makes up the inferior angle of the scapula?

junction of medial and lateral borders

What vertebrae does the inferior angle of the scapula correspond with?

T7

What is located at the lateral angle of the scapula?

head (glenoid) and neck of scapula

What is the coracoid process of the scapula?

fingerlike process extending anteriorly from the scapular notch

What is the acromion process of the scapula?

posterior flattened oval process at the lateral end of the scapular spine

What is the scapular notch?

prominent indentation along the superior border of the scapula

What is the glenoid fossa?

the head/neck of the scapula (point where humeral head articulates with scapula to form the scapulohumeral/glenohumeral joint)

What is the name of the fibrocartilage rim attached around the margin of the glenoid cavity of the scapula?

glenoid labrum

What is the rotator cuff?

group of muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint by pulling the humeral head into the glenoid fossa

What 4 muscles make up the rotator cuff?

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor

Explain the location and function of the supraspinatus muscle

originates on the upper border of the posterior scapula

allows for abduction

Explain the location and function of the subscapularis muscle

originates on the anterior surface of the scapula

allows for internal rotation

Explain the location and function of the infraspinatus muscle

originates on the posterior inferior aspect of the scapula

allows for external rotation

Explain the location and function of the teres minor muscle

originates on the posterior lateral scapular border

allows for external rotation

Label the muscles of the rotator cuff

What are the routine views of the scapula?

AP and lateral (Y-view)

Label the scapula (and determine whether it is a right or left)

Label the scapula

What kind of bone are the clavicles classified as?

long bones

Where are the clavicles located?

they lie horizontal in the superior and anterior part of the thorax

What is the sternal extremity of the clavicle?

the medial 1/3, convex, expanded end

What is the acromial extremity of the clavicle?

the lateral 1/3, concave, flatted end

What is the body of the clavicle?

the junction of the two curves (the weakest point of the clavicle and the site of 80% of clavicle fractures)

How do male and female clavicles differ?

male clavicle are thicker, longer, and more curved

What is the articular end of the sternal extremity of the clavicle called?

sternal facet (makes up the SC joint)

What is the costal tuberosity?

the broad, roughened surface on the inferior aspect of the medial end of the clavicle (serves as a point of attachment for the ligaments)

What is the sternoclavicular (SC) joint? What are the classifications?

joint between the clavicle and sternum

diarthrodial, gliding/plane joint