Bio 211 Exam #4

allele

a different version of the same gene

locus

specific, fixed position of a gene, or other DNA sequence on a chromosome - essentially the address of a gene on the genetic map

allele frequency

tells us how common a specific allele is in a population

evolution

change in allele frequencies within a population - a group of individuals of the same species living in a given area at a time 

genetic variation

differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequence, can also be measured at molecular level of DNA. depends on which evolution depends when mutation, gene duplication, or other processes produce new alleles and new genes

neutral variation 

genetic differences in a population that do not significantly impact an organism’s ability to survive or reproduce 

ideal population

allele frequencies will not change from generation to generation, no selection, no mutation, no migration (gene flow), large population

genetic drift

significant in small population, can cause allele frequency changes at random, tends to lead to loss of diversity (genetic variation)

natural selection

only mechanism that consists cause adaptive evolution, not random. consistently increases the frequencies of alleles that provide reproductive advantage

directional selection

conditions favor individuals, favoring one range of phenotypes shifting the population frequency

disruptive selection

when conditions favor, extremes will become more common

stabilizing selection

acts against both extremes and favors, directional will turn into stabilizing

What do plants make of their ATP through?

Aerobic cellular respiration

Plants

produce ATP/NADPH for calvin cycle, used within the chloroplast - high ATP demand for roots, shoot meristems, developing fruit & seeds

Animals

have high demand in muscles, brain & nervous tissues, that transport energy through glucose

Characteristics shared by all living things