Biology 1101 Final Exam
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449 Terms
From DNA, we make
Proteins
Lots of receptors
Monogamous
Fewer receptors
Polygamous
Characteristics of Life
Reproduction, Evolution, Metabolism, Diversity, Respond to environment, Grow and Develop
Reproduction
Must have genetic material
Evolution
Adapt to Environment
Metabolism
Aquire energy and convert it to a useful form
Diversity
Predictable pattern of features
Respond to environment
“Immediate” response to current environment
Grow and Develop
Over organism’s lifespan
Atom
Building block
Element
A substance composed of only one type of atom
Molecule
A mixture of elements to make something
Atoms are made of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
What does CHON stand for?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
How do atoms form molecules?
By sharing electrons with each other
If an atom has a full orbit it is a
Stable and an inert atom
If an atom needs electrons it is a
Reactive atoms
The less electrons
The more reactive
Saturated Fatty Acids
Unhealthy and Straight chains
Unsaturated fatty acids
Healthy and contain kinks in the chain
Cells are
The smallest units of life
The cell membrane:
The boundary of the cell, unregulated exchange with the environment, regulates what can enter and leave
Fats/lipids are
Hydrophobic (repels water)
All cells have
A cell membrane, genetic material/DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes
Substrate is always on the
Left
Product is always on the
Right
Telomerase
Enzyme that rebuilds telomeres on chromosomes
Telomere
Protective cap on chromosomes
DNA
Total of all our genetic information
Alleles
Versions of a gene (part to a whole)
Genes
Chunks of DNA; how we arrange DNA on chromosomes (Whole)
What occurs to telomeres as we age?
They shorten
Short telemeres
Less protection
What happens if a telomere is too short and telomerase cannot repair?
Cell Suicide or Apoptosis occurs
Can telomeres be repaired?
Yes, by telomerase
What happens when telomeres are repaired?
Telomeres regain protection ability
Why are cancer cells immortal?
Telomerase in cancer cells are overactive, which means telomeres are always thick and DNA is not damaged which leads to no cancer cell death
How are new alleles of a gene created?
When a mutation occurs
Mutations
Add genetic diversity
Biological evolution
Change in allele frequency over time
Why is evolution important?
It allows a population to adapt to its environment
What are the subunits for Nucleic Acids?
Nucleotides
What is the function of Nucleic Acids?
To carry genetic material
What food contains Nucleic Acids?
Anything that was formerly living (had DNA)
What is the subunit for Carbohydrates?
Sugar
What are the functions of Carbohydrates?
Short-term energy, and structure
What food contains Carbohydrates?
Plants, fruits, candy, bread, and pasta
What are the subunits of Proteins?
Amino Acids
What are the functions of Proteins?
Builds muscle, growth & repair, and communication between cells
What foods contain Proteins?
Meats, beans, nuts, and dairy
What are the subunits of Lipids/Fats?
Fatty acids and Glycerol
What are the functions of Lipids/Fats?
Structural component of cell membranes, store excess food, insulate the body, shock absorbers for internal organs, and long-time energy.
What are the functions of Lipids/Fats?
Structural component of cell membranes, store excess food, insulate the body, shock absorbers for internal organs, and long-time energy.
What food contain Lipids/Fats?
Fish, beef, butter, olive oil, dairy, and fried chicken
Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction that involves a single parent and no sex
Asexual reproduction produces
Less genetic diversity
Types of Lipids/Fats
Saturated and Unsaturated
Sexual reproduction is
A mix of 2 organisms and include mutations which generates more genetic diversity
Types of Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
From DNA, we make
Proteins
Lots of receptors
Monogamous
Fewer receptors
Polygamous
Characteristics of Life
Reproduction, Evolution, Metabolism, Diversity, Respond to environment, Grow and Develop
Reproduction
Must have genetic material
Evolution
Adapt to Environment
Metabolism
Aquire energy and convert it to a useful form
Diversity
Predictable pattern of features
Respond to environment
“Immediate” response to current environment
Grow and Develop
Over organism’s lifespan
Atom
Building block
Element
A substance composed of only one type of atom
Molecule
A mixture of elements to make something
Atoms are made of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
What does CHON stand for?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
How do atoms form molecules?
By sharing electrons with each other
If an atom has a full orbit it is a
Stable and an inert atom
If an atom needs electrons it is a
Reactive atoms
The less electrons
The more reactive
Saturated Fatty Acids
Unhealthy and Straight chains
Unsaturated fatty acids
Healthy and contain kinks in the chain
Cells are
The smallest units of life
The cell membrane:
The boundary of the cell, unregulated exchange with the environment, regulates what can enter and leave
Fats/lipids are
Hydrophobic (repels water)
All cells have
A cell membrane, genetic material/DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes
Substrate is always on the
Left
Product is always on the
Right
Telomerase
Enzyme that rebuilds telomeres on chromosomes
Telomere
Protective cap on chromosomes
DNA
Total of all our genetic information
Alleles
Versions of a gene (part to a whole)
Genes
Chunks of DNA; how we arrange DNA on chromosomes (Whole)
What occurs to telomeres as we age?
They shorten
Short telemeres
Less protection
What happens if a telomere is too short and telomerase cannot repair?
Cell Suicide or Apoptosis occurs
Can telomeres be repaired?
Yes, by telomerase
What happens when telomeres are repaired?
Telomeres regain protection ability
Why are cancer cells immortal?
Telomerase in cancer cells are overactive, which means telomeres are always thick and DNA is not damaged which leads to no cancer cell death
How are new alleles of a gene created?
When a mutation occurs
Mutations
Add genetic diversity